{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:35:21Z","timestamp":1790724921510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M-1543083-2022-23-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-1543083-2022-23-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From late 2013\u20132022, 1131 cases of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reported to the Korean Animal Health Integrated System (KAHIS). There were four major outbreaks from winter to spring (2013\u20132014, 2017\u20132018, 2018\u20132019, and 2021\u20132022), with the main outbreaks occurring in Chungnam (CN), Jeonbuk (JB), and Jeju (JJ). Analysis of the complete spike (S) gene of 140\/1131 KAHIS PEDV cases nationwide confirmed that 139 belonged to the G2b genotype and 1 to the G2a genotype. Among them, two strains (K17GG1 and K17GB3) were similar to an S INDEL isolated in the United States (strain OH851), and 12 strains had deletions (nucleotides (nt) 3\u201399) or insertions (12 nt) within the S gene. PEDVs in JJ formed a regionally independent cluster. The substitution rates (substitutions\/site\/year) were as follows: 1.5952 \u00d7 10\u22123 in CN, 1.8065 \u00d7 10\u22123 in JB, and 1.5113 \u00d7 10\u22123 in JJ. A Bayesian skyline plot showed that the effective population size of PEDs in JJ fell from 2013\u20132022, whereas in CN and JB it was maintained. Genotyping of 340 Korean PEDV strains, including the 140 PEDVs in this study and 200 Korean reference strains from GenBank, revealed that only the highly pathogenic non-INDEL type (G2b) was dominant from 2020 onwards. Therefore, it is predicted that the incidence of PED will be maintained by the G2b (non-INDEL) genotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T09:27:28Z","timestamp":1698658048000},"page":"2165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Spike Gene Analysis and Prevalence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from Pigs in South Korea: 2013\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gyu-Nam","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SeEun","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Hyun","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Yi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bang-Hun","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Jun","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317606","article-title":"A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine","volume":"58","author":"Pensaert","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. 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