{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:09:32Z","timestamp":1768979372044,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>miRNAs circulating in whole serum and HBsAg-particles are differentially expressed in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBeAg-negative-HBV infection (ENI); their profiles are unknown in chronic hepatitis D (CHD). Serum- and HBsAg-associated miRNAs were analyzed in 75 subjects of 3 well-characterized groups (CHB 25, CHD 25, ENI 25) using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Overall miRNA profiles were consonant in serum and HBsAg-particles but significantly different according to the presence of hepatitis independently of Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)-co-infection. Stringent (Bonferroni Correction &lt; 0.001) differential expression analysis showed 39 miRNAs upregulated in CHB vs. ENI and 31 of them also in CHD vs. ENI. miRNA profiles were coincident in CHB and CHD with only miR-200a-3p upregulated in CHB. Three miRNAs (miR-625-3p, miR-142-5p, and miR-223-3p) involved in immune response were upregulated in ENI. All 3 hepatocellular miRNAs of MiR-B-Index (miR-122-5p, miR-99a-5p, miR-192-5p) were overexpressed in both CHB and CHD patients. In conclusion, CHD and CHB patients showed highly similar serum miRNA profiling that was significantly different from that of individuals with HBeAg-negative infection and without liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1700045497000},"page":"2257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Circulating miRNA Profile of Chronic Hepatitis D and B Patients Is Comparable but Differs from That of Individuals with HBeAg-Negative HBV Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Cavallone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Ornos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines"},{"name":"Fondazione Italiana Fegato (FIF), 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Ricco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9794-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Oliveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-8131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Colombatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6030-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Dalmacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9942-0328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Bonino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizia","family":"Brunetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.58.3.945-950.1986","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus: Protein composition of delta antigen and its hepatitis B virus-derived envelope","volume":"58","author":"Bonino","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caviglia, G.P., Ciancio, A., and Rizzetto, M. (2022). A Review of HDV Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081749"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netter, H.J., Barrios, M.H., Littlejohn, M., and Yuen, L.K.W. (2021). Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) and Delta-Like Agents: Insights Into Their Origin. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.652962"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hepojoki, J., Hetzel, U., Paraskevopoulou, S., Drosten, C., Harrach, B., Murilo, F., Zerbini, M., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., and Dolja, V.V. (2021). Create One New Realm (Ribozyviria) Including One New Family (Kolmioviridae) Including Genus Deltavirus and Seven New Genera for a Total of 15 Species, Research Gate. Report Number: ICTV [International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses] Proposal (Taxoprop) No. 2020.012D."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, J.M. (2020). Infection by Hepatitis Delta Virus. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060648"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vez021","article-title":"Novel hepatitis D-like agents in vertebrates and invertebrates","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Vargas, J., Pereira de Oliveira, R., Jacquet, S., Pontier, D., Cosset, F., and Freitas, N. (2021). HDV-Like Viruses. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071207"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.12.4439-4444.1988","article-title":"Characterization of self-cleaving RNA sequence on the genome and antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus","volume":"62","author":"Kuo","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0158-7","article-title":"The biogenesis, biology and characterization of circular RNAs","volume":"20","author":"Kristensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"47","article-title":"HDV ribozymes","volume":"307","author":"Been","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"67","article-title":"RNA editing in hepatitis delta virus","volume":"307","author":"Casey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01758-07","article-title":"Transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA by RNA polymerase II","volume":"82","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29574","article-title":"Genetic diversity and worldwide distribution of the deltavirus genus: A study of 2152 clinical strains","volume":"66","author":"Brichler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-4-437","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen. An active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment","volume":"98","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040790","article-title":"Delta Agent (Type D) hepatitis","volume":"6","author":"Bonino","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sem. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130305","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus replication modulates pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus in chronic hepatitis D","volume":"13","author":"Smedile","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80032-6","article-title":"Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Saracco","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12895","article-title":"Quantification of serum markers of hepatitis B (HBV) and Delta virus (HDV) infections in patients with chronic HDV infection","volume":"25","author":"Ricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20944","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation reveals a complex spectrum of virological profiles in hepatitis B virus\/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients","volume":"43","author":"Raimondo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.036","article-title":"Quantitative longitudinal evaluations of hepatitis delta virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA shows a dynamic, complex replicative profile in chronic hepatitis B and D","volume":"52","author":"Schaper","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novellino, L., Rossi, R.L., Bonino, F., Cavallone, D., Abrignani, S., Pagani, M., and Brunetto, M.R. (2012). Circulating hepatitis B surface antigen particles carry hepatocellular microRNAs. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031952"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6866-4_3","article-title":"Genome-Wide Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing and qPCR Platforms for microRNA Profiling in Serum","volume":"1580","author":"Blondal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunetto, M.R., Cavallone, D., Oliveri, F., Moriconi, F., Colombatto, P., Coco, B., Ciccorossi, P., Rastelli, C., Romagnoli, V., and Cherubini, B. (2014). A serum MicroRNA signature is associated with the immune control of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110782"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"67","author":"Lampertico","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.052","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers","volume":"139","author":"Brunetto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13416","article-title":"Long-term outcome of inactive and active, low viremic HB eAg-negative hepatitis B virus infection: Benign course towards HBsAg clearance","volume":"37","author":"Oliveri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxm030","article-title":"Small-sample estimation of negative binomial dispersion, with applications to SAGE data","volume":"9","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, M.D., and Oshlack, A. (2010). A scaling normalization method for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data. Genome Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-3-r25"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2019.01.024","article-title":"The roles of microRNAs in epigenetic regulation","volume":"51","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322526","article-title":"MicroRNAs as regulators, biomarkers and therapeutic targets in liver diseases","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90404-9","article-title":"Patterns of hepatitis delta virus reinfection and disease in liver transplantation","volume":"101","author":"Ottobrelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210211","article-title":"Long-term clinical and virological outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic delta hepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Samuel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.016","article-title":"Rapid early HDV RNA decline in the peripheral blood, but prolonged intrahepatic hepatitis delta antigen persistence after liver transplantation","volume":"56","author":"Mederacke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00430-14","article-title":"Envelope proteins derived from naturally integrated hepatitis B virus DNA support assembly and release of infectious hepatitis delta virus particles","volume":"88","author":"Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314713","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus persists during liver regeneration and is amplified through cell division both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"68","author":"Giersch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.9.5344-5350.1994","article-title":"Apparent helper-independent infection of woodchucks by hepatitis delta virus and subsequent rescue with woodchuck hepatitis virus","volume":"68","author":"Netter","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10117-z","article-title":"Enveloped viruses distinct from HBV induce dissemination of hepatitis D virus in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Amirache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Comm."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"213","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus propagation enabled by hepatitis C virus\u2014Scientifically intriguing, but is it relevant to clinical practice?","volume":"28","author":"Schulze","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, K., Jyotsana, N., Buenting, I., Luther, S., Pfanne, A., Thum, T., Ganser, A., Heuser, M., Weissinger, E.M., and Hambach, L. (2017). MiR-625-3p is upregulated in CD8+ T cells during early immune reconstitution after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183828"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.11.004","article-title":"Mir-142-5p as an indicator of autoimmune processes in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and as a part of MicroRNAs expression panels for its diagnosis and prediction of response to steroid treatment","volume":"141","author":"Bayomy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MR0218-079R","article-title":"MicroRNA miR-223 as regulator of innate immunity","volume":"104","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonino, F., Colombatto, P., and Brunetto, M.R. (2022). HBeAg-Negative\/Anti-HBe-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B: A 40-Year-Old History. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081691"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29857","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25557","article-title":"Screening of microRNAs for a repressor of hepatitis B virus replication","volume":"9","author":"Naito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34740","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34740","article-title":"MicroRNA miR-204 and miR-1236 inhibit hepatitis B virus replication via two different mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2017.10.020","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-200a-3p induced by hepatitis B Virus X (HBx) Protein promotes cell proliferation and invasion in HBV-infection-associated hepatocarcinoma","volume":"213","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822760","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.822760","article-title":"miR-200a-3p and miR-181-5p Mediated HOXB5 Upregulation Promotes HCC Progression by Transcriptional Activation of EGFR","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Ge, G., Pan, T., Wen, D., Chen, L., Yu, X., Zhou, X., and Gan, J. (2014). A serum microRNA panel as potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma related with hepatitis B virus. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107986"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascut, D., Cavalletto, L., Pratama, M.Y., Bresolin, S., Trentin, L., Basso, G., Bedogni, G., Tiribelli, C., and Chemello, L. (2019). Serum miRNA Are Promising Biomarkers for the Detection of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Treatment with Direct-Acting Antivirals. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111773"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.035","article-title":"PAGE-B predicts the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasians with chronic hepatitis B on 5-year antiviral therapy","volume":"64","author":"Papatheodoridis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.002","article-title":"Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: Assessment and modification with current antiviral therapy","volume":"62","author":"Papatheodoridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1391","article-title":"The correlations between the serum expression of miR-206 and the severity and prognosis of sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.004","article-title":"miR-122\u2014A key factor and therapeutic target n liver disease","volume":"62","author":"Bandiera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22569","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with altered hepatic microRNA expression","volume":"48","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24809","article-title":"Loss of microRNA 122 expression in patients with hepatitis B enhances hepatitis B virus replication through cyclin G(1)\u2014Modulated P53 activity","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1281","article-title":"miR-122 inhibits viral replication and cell proliferation in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma and targets NDRG3","volume":"26","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-187781","article-title":"A liver-specific microRNA binds to a highly conserved RNA sequence of hepatitis B virus and negatively regulates viral gene expression and replication","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01443.x","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs in hepatitis B virus-infected patients","volume":"18","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, C.N., Akamatsu, S., Tsuge, M., Miki, D., Akiyama, R., Abe, H., Ochi, H., Hiraga, N., Imamura, M., and Takahashi, S. (2012). Virus-Specific miRNAs and Argonaute2 Play a Role in the Viral Life Cycle. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047490"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25238","article-title":"Circulating microRNA-122 levels are important predictor of hepatitis B virus surface antigen seroclearance","volume":"90","author":"Akuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Vir."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Deng, W., Pang, J., Kemper, T., Hu, J., Yin, J., Zhang, J., and Lu, M. (2017). The microRNA-99 family modulates hepatitis B virus replication by promoting IGF-1R\/PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR\/ULK1 signaling induced autophagy. Cell. Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12709"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.2697","article-title":"Plasma microRNA panel to diagnose hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9798","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1001","article-title":"Serum microRNA profiles serve as novel biomarkers for HBV infection and diagnosis of HBV-positive hepatocarcinoma","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/11\/2257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1760131409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/11\/2257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v15112257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15112257","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]}}}