{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:09:54Z","timestamp":1788480594870,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri Food Canada via Canadian Poultry Research Council Poultry Science Cluster 3 funding","award":["10025097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10025097"]}]},{"name":"Agriculture and Agri Food Canada via Canadian Poultry Research Council Poultry Science Cluster 3 funding","award":["10022788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10022788"]}]},{"name":"Agriculture and Agri Food Canada via Canadian Poultry Research Council Poultry Science Cluster 3 funding","award":["RGPIN-2023-03364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-03364"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014972","name":"Egg Farmers of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10025097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10025097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014972","name":"Egg Farmers of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10022788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10022788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014972","name":"Egg Farmers of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2023-03364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-03364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada","award":["10025097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10025097"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada","award":["10022788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10022788"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2023-03364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-03364"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an avian coronavirus that causes a disease in chickens known as infectious bronchitis (IB). The pathogenesis of IBV and the host immune responses against it depend on multiple factors such as the IBV variant, breed and age of the chicken, and the environment provided by the management. Since there is limited knowledge about the influence of the sex of chickens in the pathogenesis of IBV, in this study we aim to compare IBV pathogenesis and host immune responses in young male and female chickens. One-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn male and female chickens were infected with Canadian Delmarva (DMV)\/1639 IBV variant at a dose of 1 \u00d7 106 embryo infectious dose (EID)50 by the oculo-nasal route while maintaining uninfected controls, and these chickens were euthanized and sampled 4- and 11-days post-infection (dpi). No significant difference was observed between the infected male and female chickens in IBV shedding, IBV genome load in the trachea, lung, kidney, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus, spleen, and cecal tonsils (CT), and IBV-induced lesion in all the examined tissues at both 4 and 11 dpi. In addition, there was no significant difference in the percentage of IBV immune-positive area observed between the infected male and female chickens in all tissues except for the kidney, which expressed an increased level of IBV antigen in infected males compared with females at both 4 and 11 dpi. The percentage of B lymphocytes was not significantly different between infected male and female chickens in all the examined tissues. The percentage of CD8+ T cells was not significantly different between infected male and female chickens in all the examined tissues except in the trachea at 11 dpi, where female chickens had higher recruitment when compared with male chickens. Overall, although most of the findings of this study suggest that the sex of chickens does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of IBV and the host immune response in young chickens, marginal differences in viral replication and host responses could be observed to indicate that IBV-induced infection in male chickens is more severe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T03:54:37Z","timestamp":1700625277000},"page":"2285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Pathogenesis and Host Responses in Young Male and Female Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8621-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishara M.","family":"Isham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8697-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham M.","family":"Abd-Elsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motamed E.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-8341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahnas M.","family":"Najimudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiruni A.","family":"Ranaweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S. H.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan C.","family":"Cork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-9337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Faizal","family":"Abdul-Careem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001843","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001843","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Coronaviridae 2023","volume":"104","author":"Woo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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