{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:48:36Z","timestamp":1775242116028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["971613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["971613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Official Development Assistance (ODA)","award":["971613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["971613"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen causing disease in livestock and humans. Whilst initially restricted to the African continent, recent spread to the Arabian Peninsula has highlighted the likelihood of entry into new regions. Due to the absence of a regulatory-approved human vaccine, work is ongoing to develop and assess countermeasures. As such, small animal models play a pivotal role in providing information on disease pathogenesis and elucidating which intervention strategies confer protection. To develop and establish the BALB\/c mouse model, we challenged mice with RVFV grown from two separate cell lines: one derived from mosquitoes (C6\/36) and the other mammalian derived (Vero E6). Following infection, we assessed the clinical course of disease progression at days 1 and 3 post-challenge and evaluated viral tropism and immune analytes. The results demonstrated that RVFV infection was affected by the cell line used to propagate the challenge virus, with those grown in insect cells resulting in a more rapid disease progression. The lowest dose that caused uniform severe disease remained the same across both virus preparations. In addition, to demonstrate reproducibility, the lowest dose was used for a subsequent infection study using male and female animals. The results further demonstrated that male mice succumbed to infection more rapidly than their female counterparts. Our results establish an RVFV mouse model and key parameters that affect the course of disease progression in BALB\/c mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T09:39:12Z","timestamp":1701337152000},"page":"2369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever Virus in a BALB\/c Mouse Model Is Affected by Virus Culture Conditions and Sex of the Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Easterbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3632-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Findlay-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3667-7063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Flett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma Louise","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Treagus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fotheringham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4309-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kempster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6105-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Almond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Dowall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04253-6","article-title":"Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: Update 2019","volume":"164","author":"Abudurexiti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. 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