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Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["PID2020-118921RJ-100\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-118921RJ-100\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["EG17-141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EG17-141"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["AEG21-198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEG21-198"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["E-RTA2015-00002-C02-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-RTA2015-00002-C02-00"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["PI19CIII_00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19CIII_00014"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["EU 2020\/2094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU 2020\/2094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito vector-borne zoonosis with an increasing incidence in Europe that has become a public health concern. In Spain, although local circulation has been known for decades, until 2020, when a large outbreak occurred, West Nile Virus cases were scarce and mostly occurred in southern Spain. Since then, there have been new cases every year and the pathogen has spread to new regions. Thus, monitoring of circulating variants and lineages plays a fundamental role in understanding WNV evolution, spread and dynamics. In this study, we sequenced WNV consensus genomes from mosquito pools captured in 2022 as part of a newly implemented surveillance program in southern Spain and compared it to other European, African and Spanish sequences. Characterization of WNV genomes in mosquitoes captured in 2022 reveals the co-circulation of two WNV lineage 1 variants, the one that caused the outbreak in 2020 and another variant that is closely related to variants reported in Spain in 2012, France in 2015, Italy in 2021\u20132022 and Senegal in 2012\u20132018. The geographic distribution of these variants indicates that WNV L1 dynamics in southern Europe include an alternating dominance of variants in some territories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1701403082000},"page":"2372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Re-Emergence of a West Nile Virus (WNV) Variant in South Spain with Rapid Spread Capacity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-644X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Ruiz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana\u2014CSIC, Avda. 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Am\u00e9rico Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarai","family":"Varona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Bioinform\u00e1tica, Unidades Centrales Cient\u00edfico-T\u00e9cnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (UNED), 28232 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Bioinform\u00e1tica, Unidades Centrales Cient\u00edfico-T\u00e9cnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cano-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Algete, 28110 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias, Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica y Ordenaci\u00f3n Farmace\u00fatica, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Protecci\u00f3n de la Salud, 41020 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9","family":"Marchena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias, Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica y Ordenaci\u00f3n Farmace\u00fatica, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Protecci\u00f3n de la Salud, 41020 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulises","family":"Ameyugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias, Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica y Ordenaci\u00f3n Farmace\u00fatica, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Protecci\u00f3n de la Salud, 41020 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Control de Mosquitos de la Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de Huelva, Ctra. Hospital Infanta Elena s\/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Paz","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Seco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1042-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Ag\u00fcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Algete, 28110 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2125-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovita","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CNM-ISCIII, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02690.x","article-title":"West Nile in the Mediterranean Basin: 1950\u20132000","volume":"951","author":"Murgue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. 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