{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:52:43Z","timestamp":1772149963477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH107345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH107345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI007384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH107345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH107345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI007384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural brain abnormalities, including those in white matter (WM), remain common in people with HIV (PWH). Their pathogenesis is uncertain and may reflect multiple etiologies. Oxidative stress is associated with inflammation, HIV, and its comorbidities. The post-translational carbonylation of proteins results from oxidative stress, and circulating protein carbonyls may reflect this. In this cross-sectional analysis, we evaluated the associations between protein carbonyls and a panel of soluble biomarkers of neuronal injury and inflammation in plasma (N = 45) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, n = 32) with structural brain MRI. The volume of abnormal WM was normalized for the total WM volume (nAWM). In this multisite project, all regression models were adjusted for the scanner. The candidate covariates included demographics, HIV disease characteristics, and comorbidities. Participants were PWH on virally suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and were mostly white (64.4%) men (88.9%), with a mean age of 56.8 years. In unadjusted analyses, more nAWM was associated with higher plasma protein carbonyls (p = 0.002) and higher CCL2 (p = 0.045). In the adjusted regression models for nAWM, the association with plasma protein carbonyls remained significant (FDR p = 0.018). Protein carbonyls in plasma may be a valuable biomarker of oxidative stress and its associated adverse health effects, including within the central nervous system. If confirmed, these findings would support the hypothesis that reducing oxidative stress could treat or prevent WM injury in PWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T04:28:31Z","timestamp":1702355311000},"page":"2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Elevated Plasma Protein Carbonyl Concentration Is Associated with More Abnormal White Matter in People with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Patricia K.","family":"Riggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah H.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Morgello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin B.","family":"Gelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology, and Neuroscience & Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fennema-Notestine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Letendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318200d727","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study","volume":"75","author":"Heaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010752","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac387","article-title":"Imaging of Brain Structural and Functional Effects in People with Human Immunodeficiency 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