{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:10:59Z","timestamp":1790212259019,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/10990-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/10990-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/05519-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05519-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.20.0003.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0003.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.351846\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.351846\/2019-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/02993-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02993-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141253\/2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141253\/2019-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/10990-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/10990-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/05519-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05519-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.20.0003.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0003.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.351846\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.351846\/2019-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/02993-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02993-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141253\/2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141253\/2019-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES PROEX MSc Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/10990-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/10990-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES PROEX MSc Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/05519-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05519-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES PROEX MSc Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.20.0003.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0003.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES PROEX MSc Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.351846\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.351846\/2019-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES PROEX MSc Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/02993-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02993-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES PROEX MSc Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141253\/2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141253\/2019-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FAPESP PhD Scholarship","award":["2018\/10990-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/10990-1"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP PhD Scholarship","award":["2021\/05519-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05519-0"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP PhD Scholarship","award":["01.20.0003.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0003.00"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP PhD Scholarship","award":["88887.351846\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.351846\/2019-00"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP PhD Scholarship","award":["2018\/02993-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02993-0"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP PhD Scholarship","award":["141253\/2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141253\/2019-3"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PhD Scholarship","award":["2018\/10990-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/10990-1"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PhD Scholarship","award":["2021\/05519-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05519-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PhD Scholarship","award":["01.20.0003.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0003.00"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PhD Scholarship","award":["88887.351846\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.351846\/2019-00"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PhD Scholarship","award":["2018\/02993-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02993-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PhD Scholarship","award":["141253\/2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141253\/2019-3"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2018\/10990-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/10990-1"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2021\/05519-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05519-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["01.20.0003.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0003.00"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["88887.351846\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.351846\/2019-00"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2018\/02993-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02993-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["141253\/2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141253\/2019-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a neglected mosquito-borne Flavivirus that may cause severe neurological disease in humans and other animals. There are no specific treatments against SLEV infection or disease approved for human use, and drug repurposing may represent an opportunity to accelerate the development of treatments against SLEV. Here we present a scalable, medium-throughput phenotypic cell culture-based screening assay on Vero CCL81 cells to identify bioactive compounds that could be repurposed against SLEV infection. We screened eighty compounds from the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) COVID Box library to identify nine (11%) compounds that protected cell cultures from SLEV-induced cytopathic effects, with low- to mid-micromolar potencies. We validated six hit compounds using viral plaque-forming assays to find that the compounds ABT-239, Amiodarone, Fluphenazine, Posaconazole, Triparanol, and Vidofludimus presented varied levels of antiviral activity and selectivity depending on the mammalian cell type used for testing. Importantly, we identified and validated the antiviral activity of the anti-flavivirus nucleoside analog 7DMA against SLEV. Triparanol and Fluphenazine reduced infectious viral loads in both Vero CCL81 and HBEC-5i cell cultures and, similar to the other validated compounds, are likely to exert antiviral activity through a molecular target in the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T04:14:42Z","timestamp":1702440882000},"page":"2416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phenotypical Screening of an MMV Open Box Library and Identification of Compounds with Antiviral Activity against St. Louis Encephalitis Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana Eboli","family":"Sotorilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto Doriguetto","family":"Gravina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7996-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Farinha","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1192-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Alves","family":"Fontoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talita Diniz","family":"Melo-Hanchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur Torres","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6949-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Elias","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)60008-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of flavivirus encephalitis","volume":"60","author":"Chambers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.02.015","article-title":"Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of St. Louis encephalitis virus genomes","volume":"47","author":"Baillie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0213","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex of the flavivirus genus","volume":"218","author":"Poidinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00719","article-title":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Flaviviruses","volume":"118","author":"Barrows","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1928","article-title":"Architects of assembly: Roles of Flaviviridae non-structural proteins in virion morphogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180372","article-title":"Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Americas","volume":"24","author":"Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00322-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00322-13","article-title":"Provenance and geographic spread of St. Louis encephalitis virus","volume":"4","author":"Kopp","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.022","article-title":"Human outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis detected in Argentina, 2005","volume":"42","author":"Spinsanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Monath, T.P. (1980). St. Louis Encephalitis, American Public Health Association."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651991000600007","article-title":"Epidemiology of encephalitis caused by arbovirus in the Brazilian Amazonia","volume":"33","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9, J.P., D\u00e9gallier, N., Travassos da Rosa, A.P.A., Pinheiro, F.P., and S\u00e1 Filho, G.C. (1986). Instituto Evandro Chagas: 50 Anos de Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e \u00e0 Medicina Tropical, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.019117-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Saint Louis encephalitis virus in the Brazilian Amazon: Genetic divergence and dispersal","volume":"91","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, R., Costa, E.A., Marques, R.E., Oliveira, T.S., Furtini, R., Bomfim, M.R., Teixeira, M.M., Paix\u00e3o, T.A., and Santos, R.L. (2013). Isolation of saint louis encephalitis virus from a horse with neurological disease in Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002537"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.06.007","article-title":"Simultaneous infection by DENV-3 and SLEV in Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Mondini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Monath, T.P. (1988). The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: Progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/108705719900400206","article-title":"A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854363","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2022.854363","article-title":"Identification of Compounds with Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2 in the MMV Pathogen Box Using a Phenotypic High-Throughput Screening Assay","volume":"2","author":"Coimbra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zmurko, J., Marques, R.E., Schols, D., Verbeken, E., Kaptein, S.J., and Neyts, J. (2016). The Viral Polymerase Inhibitor 7-Deaza-2\u2019-C-Methyladenosine Is a Potent Inhibitor of In Vitro Zika Virus Replication and Delays Disease Progression in a Robust Mouse Infection Model. PLoS Negl. Trop Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004695"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163486","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1163486","article-title":"Competing interests during the key N-glycosylation of 6-chloro-7-deaza-7-iodopurine for the synthesis of 7-deaza-2\u2019-methyladenosine using Vorbr\u00fcggen conditions","volume":"11","author":"Naciuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.04.002","article-title":"Zika crisis in Brazil: Challenges in research and development","volume":"18","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira Figueiredo, P., Stoffella-Dutra, A.G., Barbosa Costa, G., Silva de Oliveira, J., Dourado Amaral, C., Duarte Santos, J., Soares Rocha, K.L., Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior, J.P., Lacerda Nogueira, M., and Zaz\u00e1 Borges, M.A. (2020). Re-Emergence of Yellow Fever in Brazil during 2016\u20132019: Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Perspectives. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111233"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.99","article-title":"Differential cell line susceptibility to the emerging Zika virus: Implications for disease pathogenesis, non-vector-borne human transmission, and animal reservoirs","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leier, H.C., Messer, W.B., and Tafesse, F.G. (2018). Lipids and pathogenic flaviviruses: An intimate union. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006952"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2013.09.002","article-title":"Desmosterol and DHCR24: Unexpected new directions for a terminal step in cholesterol synthesis","volume":"52","author":"Zerenturk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02530-07","article-title":"Critical role of virion-associated cholesterol and sphingolipid in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Aizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.03.025","article-title":"Cholesterol biosynthesis modulation regulates dengue viral replication","volume":"389","author":"Rothwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.09.003","article-title":"Cholesterol manipulation by West Nile virus perturbs the cellular immune response","volume":"2","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuna-Ramos, J.F., Reyes-Ruiz, J.M., and Del \u00c1ngel, R.M. (2018). The Role of Host Cholesterol during Flavivirus Infection. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00388"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.011","article-title":"Augmentation of DHCR24 expression by hepatitis C virus infection facilitates viral replication in hepatocytes","volume":"55","author":"Takano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb01785.x","article-title":"[3H]Fluphenazine binding to brain membranes: Simultaneous measurement of D-1 and D-2 receptor sites","volume":"46","author":"Morgan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2709","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.130","article-title":"Functional inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase by Fluphenazine triggers hypoxia-specific tumor cell death","volume":"8","author":"Klutzny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000315101","article-title":"Functional Inhibitors of Acid Sphingomyelinase (FIASMAs): A novel pharmacological group of drugs with broad clinical applications","volume":"26","author":"Kornhuber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nm823","article-title":"Host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires ceramide-rich membrane rafts","volume":"9","author":"Jendrossek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02499-09","article-title":"Involvement of ceramide in the propagation of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"84","author":"Tani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.22.13291","article-title":"Ceramide as a modulator of endocytosis","volume":"270","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/v3020160","article-title":"Flavivirus cell entry and membrane fusion","volume":"3","author":"Smit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10543","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10543-10555.2004","article-title":"Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway","volume":"78","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornhuber, J., Muehlbacher, M., Trapp, S., Pechmann, S., Friedl, A., Reichel, M., M\u00fchle, C., Terfloth, L., Groemer, T.W., and Spitzer, G.M. (2011). Identification of novel functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023852"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi4708","article-title":"Drug-induced phospholipidosis confounds drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"373","author":"Tummino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2019-0270","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of drug-induced phospholipidosis","volume":"401","author":"Breiden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"330","article-title":"Amiodarone: A unique antiarrhythmic agent","volume":"2","author":"Sloskey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199424050-00004","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone possesses calcium channel blocker properties","volume":"24","author":"Lubic","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1829082","article-title":"Targeting the endolysosomal host-SARS-CoV-2 interface by clinically licensed functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA) including the antidepressant fluoxetine","volume":"9","author":"Schloer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102129","article-title":"Vidofludimus calcium, a next generation DHODH inhibitor for the Treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Muehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00768-w","article-title":"Novel and potent inhibitors targeting DHODH are broad-spectrum antivirals against RNA viruses including newly-emerged coronavirus SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1021\/jm301848w","article-title":"On dihydroorotate dehydrogenases and their inhibitors and uses","volume":"56","author":"Vidalain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.08.012","article-title":"Inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis impairs Ebola virus replication through depletion of nucleoside pools and activation of innate immune responses","volume":"158","author":"Luthra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6548","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02510-10","article-title":"Inhibition of dengue virus through suppression of host pyrimidine biosynthesis","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, J.J., Sharma, S.D., Feng, J.Y., Ray, A.S., Smidansky, E.D., Kireeva, M.L., Cho, A., Perry, J., Vela, J.E., and Park, Y. (2012). Sensitivity of mitochondrial transcription and resistance of RNA polymerase II dependent nuclear transcription to antiviral ribonucleosides. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003030"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.078402","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of ABT-239 [4-(2-{2-[(2R)-2-Methylpyrrolidinyl]ethyl}-benzofuran-5-yl)benzonitrile]: II. Neurophysiological characterization and broad preclinical efficacy in cognition and schizophrenia of a potent and selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist","volume":"313","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1021\/jm040118g","article-title":"4-(2-[2-(2(R)-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]benzofuran-5-yl)benzonitrile and related 2-aminoethylbenzofuran H3 receptor antagonists potently enhance cognition and attention","volume":"48","author":"Cowart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925171","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/925171","article-title":"Activation of TRPV1 prevents OxLDL-induced lipid accumulation and TNF-\u03b1-induced inflammation in macrophages: Role of liver X receptor \u03b1","volume":"2013","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04852-8","article-title":"Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel regulates chikungunya virus infection in macrophages","volume":"166","author":"Nayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25582","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.133215","article-title":"Structural insights into inhibition of sterol 14alpha-demethylase in the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"285","author":"Lepesheva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.06.017","article-title":"Posaconazole inhibits dengue virus replication by targeting oxysterol-binding protein","volume":"157","author":"Meutiawati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104548","article-title":"Differing activities of oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) targeting anti-viral compounds","volume":"170","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.017","article-title":"Synergistic drug combination effectively blocks Ebola virus infection","volume":"137","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02372-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02372-19","article-title":"Antifungal Triazole Posaconazole Targets an Early Stage of the Parechovirus A3 Life Cycle","volume":"64","author":"Rhoden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/12\/2416\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:37:54Z","timestamp":1760132274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/12\/2416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v15122416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15122416","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]}}}