{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:13:10Z","timestamp":1787764390609,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"the United States Department of Agriculture, the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA): Agriculture and Food Research Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-67016-31458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67016-31458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"the United States Department of Agriculture, the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA): Agriculture and Food Research Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OKL03237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OKL03237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA Capacity: Animal Health and Disease Research Program","award":["2020-67016-31458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67016-31458"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA Capacity: Animal Health and Disease Research Program","award":["OKL03237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OKL03237"]}]},{"name":"Sitlington Endowment","award":["2020-67016-31458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67016-31458"]}]},{"name":"Sitlington Endowment","award":["OKL03237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OKL03237"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces immunosuppression and thymus depletion in calves. This study explores the impact of prior BVDV-2 exposure on the subsequent immune response to influenza D virus (IDV). Twenty 3-week-old calves were divided into four groups. Calves in G1 and G3 were mock-treated on day 0, while calves in G2 and G4 received BVDV. Calves in G1 (mock) and G2 (BVDV) were necropsied on day 13 post-infection. IDV was inoculated on day 21 in G3 calves (mock + IDV) and G4 (BVDV + IDV) and necropsy was conducted on day 42. Pre-exposed BVDV calves exhibited prolonged and increased IDV shedding in nasal secretions. An approximate 50% reduction in the thymus was observed in acutely infected BVDV calves (G2) compared to controls (G1). On day 42, thymus depletion was observed in two calves in G4, while three had normal weight. BVDV-2-exposed calves had impaired CD8 T cell proliferation after IDV recall stimulation, and the \u03b1\/\u03b2 T cell impairment was particularly evident in those with persistent thymic atrophy. Conversely, no difference in antibody levels against IDV was noted. BVDV-induced thymus depletion varied from transient to persistent. Persistent thymus atrophy was correlated with weaker T cell proliferation, suggesting correlation between persistent thymus atrophy and impaired T cell immune response to subsequent infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T05:41:35Z","timestamp":1702878095000},"page":"2442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immune Responses to Influenza D Virus in Calves Previously Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Vicosa Bauermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shollie","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"Animal Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4532-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Mendes","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingryd","family":"Merchioratto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry W.","family":"Ritchey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1234-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayara Fernanda","family":"Maggioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USDA-APHIS (2017). 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