{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:08:34Z","timestamp":1780319314288,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"National Institute of Perinatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-1-568\/2017-2-79"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-1-568\/2017-2-79"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: HIV infection continues to be a global public health challenge, affecting approximately 1.7 million reproductive-aged women. Protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (PI-HAART) has significantly reduced the risk of vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child. Nevertheless, concerns linger regarding the long-term effects, particularly on body composition, notably subcutaneous fat tissue (SFT). Although HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) has been well documented in adults and older children, its impact on fetuses exposed to PI-HAART remains underexplored. This study aims to evaluate SFT in the fetuses of HIV-pregnant women exposed to PI-HAART, assessing the potential clinical implications. Methods: We conducted a comparative study between HIV-pregnant women receiving PI-HAART and an HIV-negative control group. Fetometry measurements were obtained via 3D ultrasound. SFT in the fetal arm and thigh segments was assessed. Data were analyzed using lineal multivariate regression and receiver-operating characteristics (ROC)-curve analysis. Results: Fetuses exposed to PI-HAART exhibited a significant reduction in subcutaneous fat, particularly in the proximal third-middle union of the femur (coefficient: \u22122.588, p = 0.042). This reduction was correlated with lower newborn serum glucose levels (65.7 vs. 56.1, p = 0.007; coefficient: \u22121.277, p = 0.045). Conclusions: Our study sheds light on the connection between PI-HAART, fetal subcutaneous fat, and neonatal health. These findings might reveal the long-lasting effects of PI-HAART on newborns and children\u2019s well-being. Our results emphasize the need for a more balanced approach to managing pregnant women with HIV in developing countries and open new venues for research on the impact of intrauterine PI-HAART exposure on energy metabolism and fetal programming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T07:20:31Z","timestamp":1703056831000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Protease Inhibitor-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Fetal Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in HIV-Pregnant Women in a Middle-Income Country"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7701-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Borboa-Olivares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Interventions Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Estrada-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Direction, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raigam Jafet","family":"Martinez-Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Espino-y-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7876-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Flores-Pliego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-8017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Espejel-Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Camacho-Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda-Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Mario","family":"Solis-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Rafael","family":"Villafan-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnatan","family":"Torres-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190784","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0784","article-title":"HIV infection in pregnant women and its challenges for the prenatal care","volume":"74","author":"Trindade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. 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