{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:13:04Z","timestamp":1760105584010,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health USA","award":["U01 AI151698","CRP\/BRA20-03","CRP\/20\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI151698","CRP\/BRA20-03","CRP\/20\/03"]}]},{"name":"CRP-ICGEB RESEARCH GRANT 2020","award":["U01 AI151698","CRP\/BRA20-03","CRP\/20\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI151698","CRP\/BRA20-03","CRP\/20\/03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent months, Paraguay has been grappled with a notable monkeypox outbreak, straining its healthcare infrastructure. The sudden spike in cases underlines the imperative need for a comprehensive understanding of the virus\u2019s dynamics, enabling the formulation of robust containment measures. To address this challenge, our team joined forces with the Central Public Health Laboratory of Asunci\u00f3n and the Pan-American Health Organization. Through this collaboration, we employed portable whole-genome sequencing combined with phylodynamic analysis to examine the MPXV strains circulating in Paraguay. Our genomic monitoring approach has produced the first 30 whole-genome sequences from Paraguay, all of which were identified under lineage IIb. Interestingly, our data suggest that the origin of the monkeypox virus in Paraguay at the beginning of 2022 can be traced back to Brazil. This introduction subsequently catalyzed further community spread that was further exacerbated by several independent introduction events as time progressed. These findings not only shed light on the transmission patterns of the virus but also highlight the pivotal role such insights play in sculpting effective response strategies and driving impactful public health measures. Furthermore, our findings strongly advocate intensified surveillance at international borders, ensuring swift detection and proactive countermeasures against potential outbreaks in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T05:23:30Z","timestamp":1704345810000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring the Genomic Dynamics of the Monkeypox Epidemic in Paraguay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vagner","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Vigil\u00e2ncia, Prepara\u00e7\u00e3o e Resposta \u00e0 Emerg\u00eancias e Desastres (PHE), Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Pan-Americana da Sa\u00fade\/Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial da Sa\u00fade (OPAS\/OMS), Brasilia 70312-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, University of the State of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Gomez","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Fleitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica do Estado de Minas Gerais, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia R.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica do Estado de Minas Gerais, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe C. M.","family":"Iani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica do Estado de Minas Gerais, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Analia","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Cantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Torales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Liz","family":"Gamarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud P\u00fablica, Asunci\u00f3n 001535, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Department (PHE), Pan American Health Organization\/World Health Organization (PAHO\/WHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jairo Mendez","family":"Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Department (PHE), Pan American Health Organization\/World Health Organization (PAHO\/WHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6769-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Carlos Junior","family":"Alcantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Rene Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Giovanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil"},{"name":"Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University of Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00775-4","article-title":"Monkeypox: Disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions","volume":"22","author":"Lum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00776-z","article-title":"Monkeypox virus: A neglected zoonotic pathogen spreads globally","volume":"20","author":"Alakunle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02456-8","article-title":"Distinct monkeypox virus lineages co-circulating in humans before 2022","volume":"29","author":"Ndodo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, July 15). MPXV. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/monkeypox."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pan-American Health Organization (2023, July 15). MPXV. 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