{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:47:01Z","timestamp":1764604021921,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018688","name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6300-6332-304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6300-6332-304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks are important vectors of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). In Kyrgyzstan, the livestock farming trade and nomadic lifestyle enable tick-borne diseases to be imported from neighboring countries, but there are few relevant studies. In this study, we collected 40 ticks from cattle in Kyrgyzstan. Molecular marker analysis identified the ticks as Ixodes persulcatus (97.5%; n = 39) and Haemaphysalis punctata (2.5%; n = 1). Real-time PCR screening revealed two ticks to be positive for TBEV, but only one tick was amplified using nested PCR targeting the TBEV envelope (E) and non-structure 5 (NS5) gene. The obtained sequences belonged to the TBEV Siberian subtype and phylogenetic tree analysis results confirmed that the virus was related to the Bosnia strain. We also performed next-generation sequencing, which confirmed the TBEV Siberian subtype. Continuous research and surveillance of TBEV in Kyrgyzstan are required to provide further information on tick-borne diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T12:56:33Z","timestamp":1704977793000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus from Ticks Collected from Cattle in Kyrgyzstan, 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6443-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haneul","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hwan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9501-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bekbolsun","family":"Aknazarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named after K. I. Skryabin, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rysbek","family":"Nyrgaziev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named after K. I. Skryabin, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurzina","family":"Atabekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named after K. I. Skryabin, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7690-8849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmurat","family":"Jetigenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named after K. I. Skryabin, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon-Seok","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1636-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee-Il","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"00083-18","article-title":"Emerging tick-borne diseases","volume":"33","author":"Kramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.003245","article-title":"Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication","volume":"44","author":"Chambers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0100-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and distribution of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"162","author":"Dobler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.308794","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex","volume":"57","author":"Im","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.007","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: Epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia\u2014An overview","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i5.430","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management","volume":"3","author":"Bogovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60800-4","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"371","author":"Lindquist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.25-36.2003","article-title":"Characterization of a siberian virus isolated from a patient with progressive chronic tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"77","author":"Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0081-6","article-title":"A new subtype of eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus discovered in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.014","article-title":"Reconsidering the classification of tick-borne encephalitis virus within the Siberian subtype gives new insights into its evolutionary history","volume":"55","author":"Kovalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-35","article-title":"Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration","volume":"3","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.011437-0","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus\u2014A review of an emerging zoonosis","volume":"90","author":"Mansfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.05.016","article-title":"The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases","volume":"108","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.10.003","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak in Hungary due to consumption of raw goat milk","volume":"163","author":"Balogh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090743","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria","volume":"15","author":"Holzmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1266\/ggs.82.187","article-title":"Multiple transmissions of tick-borne encephalitis virus between Japan and Russia","volume":"82","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Genet. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.061416","article-title":"Migrating birds and tickborne encephalitis virus","volume":"13","author":"Lundkvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022). ECDC. Annual Epidemiology Report for 2020, ECDC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/tick-borne-encephalitis-annual-epidemiological-report-2020."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deviatkin, A.A., Kholodilov, I.S., Vakulenko, Y.A., Karganova, G.G., and Lukashev, A.N. (2020). Tick-borne encephalitis virus: An emerging ancient zoonosis?. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020247"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12941","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus and West-Nile fever virus as causes of serous meningitis of unknown origin in Kazakhstan","volume":"69","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00004","article-title":"Biosurveillance in Central Asia: Successes and challenges of tick-borne disease research in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan","volume":"4","author":"Hay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101183","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyrgyzstan","volume":"17","author":"Briggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, M.G., Noh, B.E., Lee, H.S., Kim, T.K., Song, B.G., and Lee, H.I. (2021). Nationwide temporal and geographical distribution of tick populations and phylogenetic analysis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks in Korea, 2020. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081630"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Yamaguti, N., Tipton, V.J., Keegan, H.L., and Toshioka, S. (1971). Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu islands. Brigh. Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser., 15."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, August 18). Vemaps. Available online: https:\/\/vemaps.com\/search?q=kyrgyzstan."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0032:AOTSRA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters","volume":"87","author":"Beati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2013.792052","article-title":"Development of a DNA barcoding system for the Ixodida (Acari: Ixodida)","volume":"25","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.030007","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis with hemorrhagic syndrome, Novosibirsk region, Russia, 1999","volume":"9","author":"Ternovoi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(95)00022-4","article-title":"Identification of tick-borne encephalitis virus ribonucleic acid in tick suspensions and in clinical specimens by a reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"4","author":"Kunz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veac051","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac051","article-title":"Evolutionary traits of Tick-borne encephalitis virus: Pervasive non-coding RNA structure conservation and molecular epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Kutschera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101496","article-title":"Reporting of New tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated in Eastern Siberia (Russia) in 1960\u20132011 and explaining them in an evolutionary context using Bayesian phylogenetic inference","volume":"11","author":"Bondaryuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forghani, M., Kovalev, S., Vasev, P., and Bolkov, M. (2019, January 21\u201327). TBEV analyzer: A platform for evolutionary analysis of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Proceedings of the 2019 International Multi-Conference on Engineering, Computer and Information Sciences (SIBIRCON), Novosibirsk, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBIRCON48586.2019.8958021"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04362-1","article-title":"Vectors, molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of TBEV in Kazakhstan and central Asia","volume":"13","author":"Abdiyeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"26","article-title":"Detection of the Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bing Du Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"109","article-title":"A survey report on the natural foci of Russian spring-summer encephalitis in the mountainous areas of Tianshan and Altay mountains in Xinjiang","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Di Fang Bing Tong Bao\/Endem. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"312","article-title":"Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus Far-eastern subtype and Siberian subtype in the China-Kazakhstan border area in Xinjiang","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101327","article-title":"Genetic diversity and geographical distribution of the Siberian subtype of the tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"11","author":"Tkachev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Fedorenko, V. (2013). The New Silk Road Initiatives in Central Asia, Rethink Institute."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01311","article-title":"Population structure and genetic diversity of sheep breeds in the Kyrgyzstan","volume":"10","author":"Deniskova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Rahimon, R. (2012). Rangeland Stewardship in Central Asia: Balancing Improved Livelihoods, Biodiversity Conservation and Land Protection, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, W., Shnaider, S., Abdykanova, A., Fages, A., Welker, F., Irmer, F., Seguin-Orlando, A., Khan, N., Douka, K., and Kolobova, K. (2018). Early pastoral economies along the Ancient Silk Road: Biomolecular evidence from the Alay Valley, Kyrgyzstan. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205646"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104263","article-title":"Potential risk posed by the importation of ticks into the UK on animals: Records from the Tick Surveillance Scheme","volume":"182","author":"Hansford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017121","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612021093","article-title":"Human parasitism by the exotic tick Dermacentor variabilis (Parasitiformes: Ixodida) in Brazil: Report of an imported case","volume":"31","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202365037","article-title":"A story of a lone star tick: An imported case of Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758) infected with Rickettsia amblyommatis that parasitized a US traveler returning to Mexico","volume":"65","author":"Volkow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1092","article-title":"Prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus among livestock and ticks in Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan, 2017","volume":"106","author":"Bumburidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultankulova, K.T., Shynybekova, G.O., Kozhabergenov, N.S., Mukhami, N.N., Chervyakova, O.V., Burashev, Y.D., Zakarya, K.D., Nakhanov, A.K., Barakbayev, K.B., and Orynbayev, M.B. (2022). The prevalence and genetic variants of the CCHF Virus circulating among ticks in the southern regions of Kazakhstan. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080841"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-016-3936-9","article-title":"A new strain of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolated from Xinjiang, China","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0016-3","article-title":"Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from different ecosystems in Xinjiang, China","volume":"33","author":"Moming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.04.008","article-title":"Identification and analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus from human sera in Tajikistan","volume":"17","author":"Atkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0769","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Tajikistan","volume":"12","author":"Tishkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/1\/107\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:44:56Z","timestamp":1760103896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/1\/107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v16010107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16010107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]}}}