{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:25:41Z","timestamp":1793388341150,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease represent the most common forms of cognitive impairment. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system responsible for severe disability. An aberrant immune response is the cause of myelin destruction that covers axons in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by alteration of B cell activation, while Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by altered immune responses. The etiology of all these diseases is very complex, including an interrelationship between genetic factors, principally immune associated genes, and environmental factors such as infectious agents. However, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases share proinflammatory signatures and a perturbation of adaptive immunity that might be influenced by herpesviruses. Therefore, they might play a critical role in the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the principal findings that link herpesviruses to both neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases; moreover, briefly underlining the potential therapeutic approach of virus vaccination and antivirals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T07:41:28Z","timestamp":1705477288000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Herpesviridae, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the Relationship between Them?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Antonia","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia-ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-017-4108-2","article-title":"Herpesviruses: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and interventions","volume":"32","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00701-4","article-title":"Herpes viruses, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and related dementias: Unifying or confusing hypothesis?","volume":"16","author":"Nath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639369","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.639369","article-title":"Common Peripheral Immunity Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bult\u00e9, D., Rigamonti, C., Romano, A., and Mortellaro, A. (2023). Inflammasomes: Mechanisms of Action and Involvement in Human Diseases. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131766"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0233-2","article-title":"B cells in autoimmune and neurodegenerative central nervous system disease","volume":"20","author":"Sabatino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181493","article-title":"The search for environmental causes of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Moving forward","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinons Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27720","article-title":"Environment, lifestyle, and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Implications for prevention in the next decade","volume":"34","author":"Marras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrick, K.L., Bell, S.L., Weindel, C.G., and Watson, R.O. (2019). Exploring the \u201cMultiple-hit hypothesis\u201d of neurodegenerative disease: Bacterial infection comes up to bat. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00138"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-04959-6","article-title":"Viral infections and their relationship to neurological disorders","volume":"166","author":"Wouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000672","article-title":"The prion-like propagation hypothesis in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Duyckaerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.685863","article-title":"Can control infections slow down the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Talking about the role of infections in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Patterson, C. (2018). World Alzheimer Report 2018, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2020, August 02). Parkinsons\u2019s Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/understandingParkinsons\/Statistics."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Breteler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12816","article-title":"Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current status and prospects for the future","volume":"284","author":"Blennow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1066","article-title":"Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-31","article-title":"Dysregulation of protein trafficking in neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-010-0454-7","article-title":"Alzheimer and his disease: A brief history","volume":"32","author":"Cipriani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breijyeh, Z., and Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245789"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121","article-title":"Neurodegenerative tauopathies","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"731526","article-title":"Structure and pathology of tau protein in Alzheimer disease","volume":"2012","author":"Kolarova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2010.00194","article-title":"Calcium and neurogenesis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.10.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6926","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0800-08.2008","article-title":"Autophagy induction and autophagosome clearance in neurons: Relationship to autophagic pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Boland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease at 25 years","volume":"8","author":"Selkoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914593117","article-title":"Early intraneuronal amyloid triggers neuron derived inflammatory signaling in APP transgenic rats and human brain","volume":"117","author":"Welikovitch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.12.003","article-title":"Microglia, lifestyle stress, and neurodegeneration","volume":"52","author":"Madore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.658695","article-title":"The potential role of herpes simplex virus type 1 and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Laval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00293","article-title":"Early degeneration of both dopaminergic and serotnergic axons\u2014A common mechanism in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Grosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002","article-title":"Parkinson Disease Epidemiology, Pathology, Genetics, Pathophysiology","volume":"36","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0165-9","article-title":"The Interplay of Aging, Genetics and Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20667","article-title":"Model-Guided MicroarrayImplicates the Retromer Complex in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"58","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201105109","article-title":"Vps35 HaploinsufficiencyIncreases Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuropathology","volume":"195","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0364-x","article-title":"Full Recovery of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Phenotype by Gain of Function of Vacuolar Protein Sorting 35","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12649","article-title":"Towards a Molecular Understanding of Endosomal Trafficking by Retromer and Retriever","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0053-7","article-title":"To Degrade or Not to Degrade: Mechanisms and Significance of Endocytic Recycling","volume":"19","author":"Cullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2252","article-title":"Snx27 Mediates Retromer Tubule Entry and Endosome-to-Plasma Membrane Trafficking of Signalling Receptors","volume":"13","author":"Temkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10613","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0042-15.2015","article-title":"for Endosome-to-Golgi Retrieval of Lamp2a, a Receptor of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy That Is Critical for Alpha-Synuclein Degradation and Prevention of Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12779","article-title":"Formation of Retromer Transport Carriers Is Disrupted by the Parkinson Disease-Linked Vps35 D620n Variant","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00118-13","article-title":"Pathogens penetrating the central nervous system: Infection pathways and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion","volume":"27","author":"Dando","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1952","article-title":"Mechanisms of microbial traversal of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Dantzer, R., and Capuron, L. (2017). Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, Springer."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2971","article-title":"Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system","volume":"11","author":"McGavern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"79867","article-title":"The impact of systemic inflammation on Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0871-0","article-title":"Microglia amplify inflammatory activation of astrocytes in manganese neurotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Kirkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00580-x","article-title":"Activation of microglia and astrocytes: A roadway to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100620","article-title":"Blocking IL-1 signaling rescues cognition, attenuates tau pathology, and restores neuronal beta-catenin pathway function in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"187","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.01.002","article-title":"Interleukin-6 induces Alzheimer-type phosphorylation of tau protein by deregulating the cdk5\/p35 pathway","volume":"295","author":"Quintanilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.031","article-title":"Hypothesis: A role for EBV-induced molecular mimicry in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Woulfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Chiara, G., Piacentini, R., Fabiani, M., Mastrodonato, A., Marcocci, M.E., Limingi, D., Napoletani, G., Protto, V., Coluccio, P., and Celestino, I. (2019). Recurrent herpes simplex virus-1 infection induces hallmarks of neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in mice. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007617"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10192-2","article-title":"The viral protein corona directs viral pathogenesis and amyloid aggregation","volume":"10","author":"Ezzat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-0963","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease-specific tau phosphorylation is induced by herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"16","author":"Wozniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0323-9","article-title":"Do infections have a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease?","volume":"1","author":"Itzhaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamieson, G.A., Maitland, N.J., Craske, J., Wilcock, G.K., and Itzhaki, R.F. (1991). Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA sequences in normal and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain using polymerase chain reaction. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 19.","DOI":"10.1042\/bst019122s"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)10149-5","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"349","author":"Itzhaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2449","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid plaques","volume":"217","author":"Wozniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"385","article-title":"Autophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Masliah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20120071","article-title":"Degradation of tau protein by autophagy and proteasomal pathways","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.01.002","article-title":"Mitophagy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00004","article-title":"Autophagy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Uddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0254-9","article-title":"Post-translational modifications of Beclin 1 provide multiple strategies for autophagy regulation","volume":"26","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2006.12.001","article-title":"HSV-1 ICP34.5 confers neurovirulence by targeting the Beclin 1 autophagy protein","volume":"1","author":"Orvedahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01158-12","article-title":"The herpes simplex virus1 Us11 protein inhibits autophagy through its interaction with the protein kinase PKR","volume":"87","author":"Lussignol","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701460573","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection induces oxidative stress and the release of bioactive lipid peroxidation by-products in mouse P19N neural cell cultures","volume":"13","author":"Kavouras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, S., Sastre, I., Recuero, M., Bullido, M.J., and Aldudo, J. (2013). Oxidative stress enhances neurodegeneration markers induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in human neuroblastoma cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075842"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.1.1.507","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E: Far more than a lipid transport protein","volume":"1","author":"Mahley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-8","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E genotype and hepatitis C, HIV and herpes simplex disease risk: A literature review","volume":"9","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171162","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus, APOE epsilon4, and cognitive decline in old age: Results from the Betula Cohort Study","volume":"67","author":"Lovheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S.B., Ferland, P., Webster, P., and Bearer, E.L. (2011). Herpes simplex virus dances with amyloid precursor protein while exiting the cell. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017966"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1672568","article-title":"Amyloid-Beta1-42 cross-reactive antibody prevalent in human sera may contribute to intraneuronal deposition of A-Beta-P-42","volume":"2018","author":"Vojdani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letenneur, L., Peres, K., Fleury, H., Garrigue, I., Barberger-Gateau, P., Helmer, C., Orgogozo, J.M., Gauthier, S., and Dartigues, J.F. (2008). Seropositivity to herpes simplex virus antibodies and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003637"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0611-x","article-title":"Anti-herpetic medications and reduced risk of dementia in patients with herpes simplex virus infections\u2014A nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Tzeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.024","article-title":"Herpes virus in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Relation to progression of the disease","volume":"35","author":"Carbone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160563","article-title":"Elevated Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody Level is Associated with Cognitive Decline in the Korean Elderly","volume":"55","author":"Shim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.04.012","article-title":"A new Alzheimer\u2019s disease cell model using B cells to induce beta amyloid plaque formation and increase TNF alpha expression","volume":"59","author":"Dezfulian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(92)90020-E","article-title":"Characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus transformed B cell lines from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and age-matched controls","volume":"63","author":"Ounanian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1895-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded CD8 T cells patrol the cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"577","author":"Gate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2681-2","article-title":"The innate immunity protein IFITM3 modulates gamma-secretase in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"586","author":"Hur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00584","article-title":"Indication of Neurodegenerative Cascade Initiation by Amyloid-like Aggregate-Forming EBV Proteins and Peptide in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41402","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.237784","article-title":"Epstein-Barr viral BNLF2a protein hijacks the tail-anchored protein insertion machinery to block antigen processing by the transport complex TAP","volume":"286","author":"Wycisk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03763-13","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 6A infection in CD46 transgenic mice: Viral persistence in the brain and increased production of proinflammatory chemokines via TLR9","volume":"88","author":"Reynaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180777","article-title":"KIR2DS2\/KIR2DL2\/HLA-C1 haplotype is associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Implication for the role of herpesvirus infections","volume":"67","author":"Rizzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0552-6","article-title":"HHV-6 infection induces amyloid-beta expression and activation of microglial cells","volume":"11","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001176","article-title":"Impact of HHV-6A and HHV-6B lytic infection on autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"100","author":"Romeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romeo, M.A., Gilardini Montani, M.S., Gaeta, A., D\u2019Orazi, G., Faggioni, A., and Cirone, M. (2020). HHV-6A infection dysregulates autophagy\/UPR interplay increasing beta amyloid production and tau phosphorylation in astrocytoma cells as well as in primary neurons, possible molecular mechanisms linking viral infection to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1866.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.165647"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197757","article-title":"HHV-6B reduces autophagy and induces ER stress in primary monocytes impairing their survival and differentiation into dendritic cells","volume":"273","author":"Romeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45129-8","article-title":"Shared molecular signatures across neurodegenerative diseases and herpes virus infections highlights potential mechanisms for maladaptive innate immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.023","article-title":"Multiscale analysis of independent Alzheimer\u2019s cohorts finds disruption of molecular, genetic, and clinical networks by human herpesvirus","volume":"99","author":"Readhead","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.031","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 6 detection in Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases and controls across multiple cohorts","volume":"105","author":"Allnutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.11.009","article-title":"Are HHV-6A and HHV-7 really more abundant in Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"104","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorlton, S.D. (2020). Reanalysis of Alzheimer\u2019s brain sequencing data reveals absence of purported HHV-6A and HHV-7. J. Bioinform. Comput. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219720020500122"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16m11312","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11312","article-title":"Herpes zoster and dementia: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, M.C., Cheng, W.L., Sheu, J.J., Huang, C.C., Shia, B.C., Kao, L.T., and Lin, H.C. (2017). Increased risk of dementia following herpes zoster ophthalmicus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188490"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Ali, M.A., Wang, K., Sayre, D., Hamel, F.G., Fisher, E.R., Bennett, R.G., and Cohen, J.I. (2010). Insulin degrading enzyme induces a con-formational change in Varicella-Zoster Virus gE, and enhances virus infectivity and stability. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011327"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-00995-1","article-title":"Binding varicella zoster virus: An underestimated facet of insulin degrading enzyme\u2019s implication for Alzheimer\u00b4s disease pathology?","volume":"270","author":"Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.H., Kwon, D.E., Do Han, K., La, Y., and Han, S.H. (2020). Association between cytomegalovirus end-organ diseases and moderate-to severe dementia: A population-based cohort study. BMC Neurol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01776-3"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00796.x","article-title":"The Influence of latent viral infection on rate of cognitive decline over 4 years","volume":"54","author":"Aiello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit210","article-title":"Virological and immunological characteristics of human cytomegalovirus infection associated with Alzheimer disease","volume":"208","author":"Lurain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.007","article-title":"Humoral cross reactivity between \u03b1-synuclein and herpes simplex-1 epitope in Parkinson\u2019s disease, a triggering role in the disease?","volume":"291","author":"Caggiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00122","article-title":"Inflammation, infectious triggers, and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Caggiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1398","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus cross-react with \u03b1-synuclein in human brain","volume":"55","author":"Woulfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.11.008","article-title":"Altered dendritic cell subset distribution in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Impact of cmv serostatus","volume":"290","author":"Goldeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0842-7","article-title":"Autoimmunity, dendritic cells and relevance for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"120","author":"Koutsilieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.10.015","article-title":"Bilateral striatal lesion due to herpesvirus-6 infection","volume":"358","author":"Cury","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.03.070","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors in neuronal physiology of the adult brain","volume":"567","author":"Dzwonek","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 18, 269\u2013285."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03834.x","article-title":"The role of infections in autoimmune disease","volume":"155","author":"Ercolini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.12.003","article-title":"The mosaic of environment involvement in autoimmunity: The abrogation of viral latency by stress, a non-infectious environmental agent, is an intrinsic prerequisite prelude before viruses can rank as infectious environmental agents that trigger autoimmune diseases","volume":"13","author":"Temajo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612.e3","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp14X682609","article-title":"What\u2019 s new in multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00014-5","article-title":"The clinical course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Confavreux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04732-5","article-title":"DNA methylation as a mediator of HLA-DRB1* 15: 01 and a protective variant in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Kular","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102393","article-title":"Regional differences in the association of cytomegalovirus seropositivity and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Thakolwiboon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020","article-title":"Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non- heritable influences","volume":"160","author":"Brodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.7.481","article-title":"Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"56","author":"Mok","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-018-0535-0","article-title":"The risk of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Experiment. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaglia, M., Merlotti, G., DeAndrea, M., Borgogna, C., and Cantaluppi, V. (2021). Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020277"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107028","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"89","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v4","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa379","article-title":"Classifying and Diagnosing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the21st Century","volume":"59","author":"Aringer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutanto, H., and Yuliasih, Y. (2023). Disentangling the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Close Ties between Immunological, Genetic and Environmental Factors. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061033"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17331","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160817331","article-title":"Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Binding or Sparring Partners?","volume":"16","author":"Rigante","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13103","article-title":"Infectious Processes and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"158","author":"Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1702514","article-title":"Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Mariette","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.09.003","article-title":"Novel autoantibodies in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: A comprehensive review","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104728","article-title":"Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Mavragani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisis, D., Chivasso, C., Perret, J., Soyfoo, M.S., and Delporte, C. (2020). Current state of knowledge on primary sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, an autoimmune exocrinopathy. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072299"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210448","article-title":"Standardisation of labial salivary gland histopathology in clinical trials in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000473","article-title":"Current views on the pathogenesis of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Pontarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823659","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.823659","article-title":"The role of virus infections in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Maslinska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8294-7","article-title":"Molecular mimicry as a mechanism of autoimmune disease","volume":"42","author":"Cusick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allerg. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203260","article-title":"Structural evaluation of a mimicry-recognizing paratope: Plasticity in antigen-antibody interactions manifests in molecular mimicry","volume":"191","author":"Tapryal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8814-x","article-title":"Gene sharing between Epstein-Barr virus and human immune response genes","volume":"65","author":"Dreyfus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.06.012","article-title":"Bystander activation and autoimmunity","volume":"103","author":"Pacheco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00852.x","article-title":"Epitope spreading: Protection from pathogens, but propagation of autoimmunity?","volume":"26","author":"Powell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"S109","article-title":"Molecular evidences for a role of HSV-1 in multiple sclerosis clinical acute attack","volume":"6","author":"Ferrante","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550020029012","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain tissue","volume":"53","author":"Sanders","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"10","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 induces brain inflammation and multifocal demyelination in the cotton rat sigmodon hispidus","volume":"94","author":"Boukhvalova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821e552a","article-title":"Common viruses associated with lower pediatric multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"76","author":"Waubant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-4280-3-4","article-title":"The effect of mouse strain on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS)","volume":"3","author":"Kastrukoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herpesviridae"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(00)00080-3","article-title":"The effect of herpesvirus infection on the expression of cell adhesion molecules on cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-011-0067-9","article-title":"Clonal expansions of CD8\u00fe T cells in latently HSV-1-infected human trigeminal ganglia","volume":"18","author":"Held","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.01.003","article-title":"Viral-induced suppression of self-reactive T cells: Lessons from neurotropic coronavirus-induced demyelination","volume":"308","author":"Savarin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3623","article-title":"Cross reactivity of a human autoimmune TCR is dominated by a single TCR loop","volume":"4","author":"Sethi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00398-2","article-title":"Cross-reactive phage displayed mimotopes lead to the discovery of mimicry between HSV-1 and a brain-specific protein","volume":"113","author":"Cortese","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"813","article-title":"Involvement of mitochondria in neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Kozin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemist"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31950","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84109-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial protein nitration primes neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"281","author":"Qi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn105","article-title":"Mitochondrial defects in acute multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"131","author":"Mahad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-015-1545-5","article-title":"Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90348-8","article-title":"Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: Viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein","volume":"80","author":"Wucherpfennig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072397","article-title":"EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-gamma and IL-2","volume":"205","author":"Lunemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.10.017","article-title":"HLA DR2b-Binding Peptides From Human Endogenous Retrovirus Envelope, Epstein-Barr Virus and Brain Proteins in the Context of Molecular Mimicry in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"217","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902623116","article-title":"Molecular Mimicry Between Anoctamin 2 and Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Associates With Multiple Sclerosis Risk","volume":"116","author":"Tengvall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.1.129","article-title":"EBV-induced expression and HLA-DR-restricted presentation by human B cells of alpha B-crystallin, a candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis","volume":"162","author":"Bajramovic","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM","volume":"603","author":"Lanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.011","article-title":"Memory B cells activate brain-homing, autoreactive CD4(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"175","author":"Jelcic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.04.007","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"225","author":"Nociti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.02.008","article-title":"How does Epstein-Barr virus trigger MS?","volume":"55","author":"Kuchroo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0188-1","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus specific intrathecal oligoclonal IgG production in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is limited to a subset of patients and is composed of low-affinity antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.198","article-title":"The initiation and prevention of multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Ascherio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"1368","article-title":"High levels of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1-specific antibodies and infectious mononucleosis act both independently and synergistically to increase multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"10","author":"Michel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513477231","article-title":"Assessing Interactions Between HLA-DRB1*15 and Infectious Mononucleosis on the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Disanto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"e5699","article-title":"Risk of multiple sclerosis in Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.12.010","article-title":"Evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibodies in Cypriot multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"105","author":"Deeba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518130113","article-title":"Sensing of latent EBV infection through exosomal transfer of 5\u2032pppRNA","volume":"113","author":"Baglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afrasiabi, A., Fewings, N.L., Schibeci, S.D., Keane, J.T., Booth, D.R., Parnell, G.P., and Swaminathan, S. (2021). The interaction of human and Epstein-Barr virus miRNAs with multiple sclerosis risk loci. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062927"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7","article-title":"A Lymphocyte\u2013Microglia\u2013Astrocyte Axis in Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"597","author":"Absinta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91301","article-title":"Astrocytic Tight Junctions Control Inflammatory CNS Lesion Pathogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Horng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00217","article-title":"The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Ponath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0253-6","article-title":"When Encephalitogenic T Cells Collaborate with Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunkl, M., Frascolla, S., Amormino, C., Volpe, E., and Tuosto, L. (2020). T Helper Cells: The Modulators of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020482"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh390","article-title":"Early and late HHV-6 gene transcripts in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal appearing white matter","volume":"128","author":"Opsahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1086\/368172","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 6 genome and antigen in acute multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"187","author":"Goodman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26000","article-title":"Relationship of human herpes virus 6 and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"233","author":"Pormohammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10258","article-title":"Correlation Between HHV-6 Reactivation and Multiple Sclerosis Disease Activity","volume":"69","author":"Chapenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194932","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/194932","article-title":"Monitoring of active human herpes virus 6 infection in Iranian patients with different subtypes of multiple sclerosis","volume":"2013","author":"Ramroodi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14597","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection after adolescence and human herpesvirus 6A as risk factors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Bistrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02715","article-title":"Increased serological response against human herpesvirus 6A is associated with risk for multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Engdahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104836","article-title":"Anti-Human Herpesvirus 6A\/B IgG Correlates with Relapses and Progression in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"GarciaMartinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1297-1394","article-title":"Association of Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) With Multiple Sclerosis: Increased IgM Response to HHV-6 Early Antigen and Detection of Serum HHV-6 DNA","volume":"3","author":"Soldan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00298-1","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) associated oligoclonal bands in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"173","author":"Rand","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0794-z","article-title":"Intrathecal antibody (IgG) production against human herpesvirus type 6 occurs in about 20% of multiple sclerosis patients and might be linked to a polyspecific B-cell response","volume":"252","author":"Derfuss","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10425","article-title":"Cross-Reactivity with Myelin Basic Protein and Human Herpesvirus-6 in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Zang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.2741\/4010","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of autoreactive T cells with MBP and viral antigens in patients with MS","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11641","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11641-11650.2001","article-title":"Gene expression profile of herpesvirus infected T cells obtained using immune microarrays: Induction of proinflammatory mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Mayne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5584-03.2004","article-title":"Infection with an endemic human herpesvirus disrupts critical glial precursor cell properties","volume":"24","author":"Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22622","article-title":"The translational biology of remyelination: Past, present, and future","volume":"62","author":"Franklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1995.11.1241","article-title":"Human Herpesvirus 6 Variant A, But Not Variant B, Infects EBV-Positive B Lymphoid Cells, Activating the Latent EBV Genome Through a BZLF-1-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Cuomo","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.05.015","article-title":"Human Herpesvirus-6B Induces Expression of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus K18-Encoded Superantigen","volume":"46","author":"Turcanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1135","article-title":"Elevated serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble human herpesvirus type 6 cellular receptor, membrane cofactor protein, in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Soldan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"263","article-title":"Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Its Role in Total Immunoglobulin Pattern in Iranian Patients with Different Subtypes of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Sanadgol","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najafi, S., Ghane, M., Poortahmasebi, V., Jazayeri, S.M., and Yousefzadeh-Chabok, S. (2016). Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in Northern Iran. Jundishapur. J. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.36582"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8499-y","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis progressing to multiple sclerosis: Are infectious triggers involved?","volume":"60","author":"Smyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.11.002","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus: A Culprit or Protector in Multiple Sclerosis?","volume":"21","author":"Vanheusden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516688350","article-title":"Active CMV Infection in Two Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Alemtuzumab","volume":"23","author":"Clerico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.122","article-title":"Cross-reactivity between human cytomegalovirus peptide 981-1003 and myelin oligodendroglia glycoprotein peptide 35-55 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats","volume":"443","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.10.017","article-title":"A Different Response to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection in UK People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) Compared to Controls","volume":"80","author":"Maple","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01840-2","article-title":"Impact of Cytomegalovirus Infection on B Cell Differentiation and Cytokine Production in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Zabalza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir239","article-title":"Increased risk of multiple sclerosis following herpes zoster: A nationwide, population-based study","volume":"204","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8360-4","article-title":"The MRZ reaction as a highly specific marker of multiple sclerosis: Re-evaluation and structured review of the literature","volume":"264","author":"Jarius","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103024","article-title":"Geographic heterogeneity in the association of varicella-zoster virus seropositivity and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Rice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.12.020","article-title":"The participation of varicella zoster virus in relapses of multiple sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Sotelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28315","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28315","article-title":"Chickenpox and multiple sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R295","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1181","article-title":"Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have abnormally elevated Epstein-Barr virus load in blood","volume":"6","author":"Moon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-01987-3","article-title":"Epstein\u2012Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6 infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309345729","article-title":"Infectious antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"18","author":"Berkun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1122::AID-ANR193>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in adults is associated with previous Epstein-Barr virus exposure","volume":"44","author":"James","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24904","article-title":"Association of clinical and serological parameters of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with Epstein-Barr virus antibody profile","volume":"90","author":"Chougule","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215361","article-title":"Association of Epstein-Barr virus serological reactivation with transitioning to systemic lupus erythematosus in at-risk individuals","volume":"78","author":"Jog","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000240355.37927.94","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"James","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, P., Tran, H., Ebegbe, R., Gottlieb, P., Wei, H., Lewis, R.H., Mumbey-Wafula, A., Kaplan, A., Kholdarova, E., and Spatz, L. (2011). Antibodies elicited in response to EBNA-1 may cross-react with dsDNA. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014488"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02619","article-title":"Anti-C1q Antibodies as Occurring in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Could Be Induced by an Epstein-Barr Virus-Derived Antigenic Site","volume":"10","author":"Csorba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"289","article-title":"Potential role of the Epstein\u2013 Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus autoimmunity","volume":"16","author":"Incaprera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00187","article-title":"The Possible Effect of B-Cell Epitopes of Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen, Membrane Antigen, Latent Membrane Protein-1, and -2A on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623944","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.623944","article-title":"Epstein Barr Virus and Autoimmune Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"Jog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02198","article-title":"Epstein Barr Virus Interleukin 10 Suppresses Anti-inflammatory Phenotype in Human Monocytes","volume":"9","author":"Jog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90253-L","article-title":"The interleukin-10 homolog encoded by Epstein-Barr virus enhances the reactivation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cell and HLA unrestricted killer cell responses","volume":"191","author":"Stewart","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1268-2","article-title":"B Cell Epitope of Human Cytomegalovirus Phosphoprotein 65 (HCMV Pp65) Induced Anti-DsDNA Antibody in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"19","author":"HoHsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66804-1","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Pp65 Peptide-Induced Autoantibodies Cross-Reacts with TAF9 Protein and Induces Lupus-like Autoimmunity in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"10","author":"Hsieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46329-y","article-title":"Characterisation of a Human Antibody That Potentially Links Cytomegalovirus Infection with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"Neo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0122-4","article-title":"The Cytomegalovirus Protein US31 Induces Inflammation through Mono-Macrophages in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Promoting NF-KB2 Activation","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.12.82","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection in Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Rozenblyum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.041","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Aggravates the Autoimmune Phenomenon in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"120","author":"Janahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.02.008","article-title":"Infection and autoimmunity in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: A clinical study and comprehensive review","volume":"51","author":"Kivity","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01153","article-title":"Discrepancy of Serological and Molecular Patterns of Circulating Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Sanosyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83550-0","article-title":"Association between EBV serological patterns and lymphocytic profle of SjS patients support a virally triggered autoimmune epithelitis","volume":"11","author":"Barcelos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.6.2191","article-title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in blood and tissue biopsies from patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"169","author":"Saito","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj7965","article-title":"Mechanisms of viral inflammation and disease in humans","volume":"374","author":"Casanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100803","article-title":"Analysis of Gene Expression and TCR\/B Cell Receptor Profiling of Immune Cells in Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome by Single-Cell Sequencing","volume":"209","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000622","article-title":"The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Maslinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e061962","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061962","article-title":"Association between a History of herpes zoster and the risk of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A nationwide, population-based, case\u2013 control study","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.4.317","article-title":"Detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr and herpes virus\u20146 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with or without sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Newkirk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867389","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/867389","article-title":"Possible role of human herpesvirus 6 as a trigger of autoimmune disease","volume":"24","author":"Broccolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken231","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of cytomegalovirus infection in rheumatic diseases: Multicentre survey in a large patient population","volume":"47","author":"Takizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.029","article-title":"Virus exposure and neurodegenerative disease risk across national biobanks","volume":"111","author":"Leonard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.06.046","article-title":"Herpes simplex encephalitis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Is there a link?","volume":"380","author":"Itzaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.003","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus-1 in the brain: The dark side of a sneaky infection","volume":"28","author":"Marcocci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00905-5","article-title":"Herpesvirus infections and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102633","article-title":"Positive association of herpes simplex virus-IgG with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safieh, M., Korczyn, A.D., and Michaelson, D.M. (2019). ApoE4: An emerging therapeutic target for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1299-4"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fominykh, V., Shadrin, A.A., Jaholkowski, P.P., Bahrami, S., Athanasiu, L., Wightman, D.P., Uffelmann, E., Posthuma, D., Selbaek, G., and Dale, A.M. (2023). Shared genetic loci between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis: Crossroads between neurodegeneration and immune system. Neurobiol. Dis., 183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106174"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, U.H., Zeng, E., and Pasinetti, G.M. (2020). The use of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144920"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05503-1","article-title":"The combination of acyclovir and dexamethasone protects against Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related cognitive impairments in mice","volume":"237","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12293","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12293","article-title":"Reduced dementia incidence after Varicella zoster vaccination in Wales 2013\u20132020","volume":"8","author":"Schnier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherrer, J.F., Salas, J., Wiemken, T.L., Hoft, D.F., Jacobs, C., and Morley, J.E. (2021). Impact of herpes zoster vaccination on incident dementia: A retrospective study in two patient cohorts. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257405"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12622","article-title":"Herpes zoster vaccination reduces risk of dementia","volume":"35","author":"Lehrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e045871","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045871","article-title":"Shingles, Zostavax vaccination and risk of developing dementia: A nested case\u2013control study\u2014Results from the UK Biobank cohort","volume":"11","author":"Lophatananon","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/1\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:48:55Z","timestamp":1760104135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/1\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":250,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v16010133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16010133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]}}}