{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:59:46Z","timestamp":1793109586810,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["64815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["64815"]}]},{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation","award":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"]}]},{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation","award":["64815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["64815"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs are a key intervention in protecting individuals against HPV-related disease. HIV1-infected individuals are at increased risk of HPV-associated cancers. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential role of prophylactic HPV vaccines in preventing new HPV infections among participants with perinatally acquired HIV who received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine at least five years before this study. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Newlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe. The clinic provided the Gardasil quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) to 624 adolescents living with HIV starting in December 2015. Vaginal and penile swabs were collected and tested for HPV types from the study participants who had received the 4vHPV vaccine 5\u20136 years before enrolment. Results: We present the results of 98 participants (44.6% female) vaccinated at a median age of 15 years (IQR 12\u201316). The mean amount of time since vaccination was 6 years (SD: \u00b10.4). The HPV-positive rate amongst the analyzed swabs was 69% (68\/98). Among 30\/98 (31%) HPV-positive participants, 13\/98 (13%) had low-risk HPV types, and 17\/98 (17%) had high-risk HPV types. Twelve participants tested positive for HPV18, only one participant tested positive for HPV16, and an additional four (4.3%) tested positive for either type 6 or 11, with respect to vaccine-preventable low-risk HPV types. Conclusion: The Gardasil quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) was expected to protect against infection with HPV types 16, 18, 6, and 11. We demonstrated a possible waning of immunity to HPV18 in 17% of the participants, and an associated loss in cross-protection against HPV45. We observed a relatively high prevalence of \u2018opportunistic non-vaccine HPV types\u2019 or \u2018ecological niche occupiers\u2019 in this cohort, and suggest further research on the involvement of these types in cervical and other genital cancers. Our study is one of the few, if not the first, to report on HPV vaccine immunoprotection among people living with HIV (PLWH), thereby setting a baseline for further studies on HPV vaccine effectiveness among PLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T05:42:31Z","timestamp":1705902151000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Vaccine and Non-Vaccine HPV Types Presence in Adolescents with Vertically Acquired HIV Five Years Post Gardasil Quadrivalent Vaccination: The ZIMGARD Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alltalents T.","family":"Murahwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinashe","family":"Mudzviti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newlands Clinic, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare P.O. Box AI78, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racheal S. Dube","family":"Mandishora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Investigative Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare P.O. Box AI78, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, 33612 FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takudzwa","family":"Chatindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newlands Clinic, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peace","family":"Chanetsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newlands Clinic, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newlands Clinic, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinei","family":"Shamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newlands Clinic, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wisdom","family":"Basera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruedi","family":"Luethy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newlands Clinic, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5467-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Lise","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21731","article-title":"The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002","volume":"118","author":"Parkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. 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