{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1772018544194,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Emerging Pathogens Initiative (EPI) Program","award":["5TL1TR001864-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5TL1TR001864-08"]}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Emerging Pathogens Initiative (EPI) Program","award":["T32 AI055403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI055403"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5TL1TR001864-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5TL1TR001864-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI055403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI055403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Virology T32 training","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5TL1TR001864-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5TL1TR001864-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Virology T32 training","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI055403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI055403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) is an emerging public health threat, with the number of reported cases in the US increasing in recent years. EEEV is a BSL3 pathogen, and the North American strain is a US Federal Select Agent (SA). These restrictions make experiments with EEEV difficult to perform, as high-tech equipment is often unavailable in BSL3 spaces and due to concerns about generating aerosols during manipulations. Therefore, a range of inactivation methods suitable for different downstream analysis methods are essential for advancing research on EEEV. We used heat, chemical, and ultraviolet (UV)-based methods for the inactivation of infected cells and supernatants infected with the non-select agent Madariaga virus (MADV). Although the MADV and EEEV strains are genetically distinct, differing by 8\u201311% at the amino acid level, they are expected to be similarly susceptible to various inactivation methods. We determined the following to be effective methods of inactivation: heat, TRIzol LS, 4% PFA, 10% formalin, and UV radiation for infected supernatants; TRIzol, 2.5% SDS with BME, 0.2% NP40, 4% PFA, and 10% formalin for infected cells. Our results have the potential to expand the types and complexity of experiments and analyses performed by EEEV researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:45:12Z","timestamp":1706586312000},"page":"206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive Assessment of Inactivation Methods for Madariaga Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"RuthMabel","family":"Boytz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kadiatou","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna B","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1446-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maudry","family":"Laurent-Rolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"},{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab077","article-title":"Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective","volume":"59","author":"Armstrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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