{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:47:47Z","timestamp":1790189267838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention"},{"name":"Specialized Graduate School Support Project for Wildlife Disease Specialists"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pathogen with zoonotic and pandemic potential. Migratory birds are natural reservoirs of all known subtypes of AIVs, except for H17N10 and H18N11, and they have been implicated in previous highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks worldwide. This study identified and characterized the first isolate of the H13N6 subtype from a Vega gull (Larus vegae mongolicus) in South Korea. The amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin gene showed a low pathogenic AIV subtype and various amino acid substitutions were found in the sequence compared to the reference sequence and known H13 isolates. High sequence homology with other H13N6 isolates was found in HA, NA, PB1, and PA genes, but not for PB2, NP, M, and NS genes. Interestingly, various point amino acid mutations were found on all gene segments, and some are linked to an increased binding to human-type receptors, resistance to antivirals, and virulence. Evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses showed that all gene segments are gull-adapted, with a phylogeographic origin of mostly Eurasian, except for PB2, PA, and M. Findings from this study support the evidence that reassortment of AIVs continuously occurs in nature, and migratory birds are vital in the intercontinental spread of avian influenza viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic Characterization and Phylogeographic Analysis of the First H13N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Vega Gull in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8848-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rochelle A.","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Leona T.","family":"Cammayo-Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Gail M.","family":"Villavicencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongwoo","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Research Institute, Korean National Park Service, Wonju 26441, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 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National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6874-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.26360","article-title":"Avian Influenza Virus NS1: A Small Protein with Diverse and Versatile Functions","volume":"4","author":"Abdelwhab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01377-z","article-title":"Full-Length Genome Sequences of the First H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses 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