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Their homeostatic function begins during embryogenesis and persists throughout life, including appropriate signaling for the cell and organism death. During viral infections, antiviral cytokines such as interferons and inflammatory cytokines are upregulated. Despite the well-known benefits of these cytokines, their levels often correlate with disease severity, linking them to unfavorable outcomes. In this review, we discuss both the beneficial and pathological functions of cytokines and the potential challenges in separating these two roles. Further, we discuss challenges in targeting these cytokines during disease and propose a new method for quantifying the cytokine effect to limit the pathological consequences while preserving their beneficial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T11:23:57Z","timestamp":1708341837000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Cytokines during Influenza and COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"De","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Seventh Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Dela Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lokesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0708395","article-title":"Embryonic implantation: Cytokines, adhesion molecules, and immune cells in establishing an implantation environment","volume":"85","author":"Macklon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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