{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:45:19Z","timestamp":1789073119691,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIHR under the Mpox and other zoonotic threats Team Grant","award":["187246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187246"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2022\u20132023 Mpox multi-country outbreak, identified in over 110 WHO Member States, revealed a predominant impact on cisgender men, particularly those engaging in sex with men, while less frequently affecting women. This disparity prompted a focused investigation into the gender-specific characteristics of Mpox infections, particularly among women, to address a notable knowledge gap. This review systematically gathers and analyzes the scientific literature and case reports concerning Mpox infections in women, covering a broad geographical spectrum including regions such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Nigeria, Europe, Vietnam, and the United States. The analysis delves into various aspects of Mpox in women, including clinical features, epidemiology, psychological impacts, preparedness strategies, and case studies, with particular attention to pregnant women and those with underlying health conditions. Empirical data from multiple studies underscore the unique epidemiological and clinical patterns of Mpox in women. In the United States, a small percentage of Mpox cases were reported among cisgender women, with a notable portion involving non-Hispanic Black or African American, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicities. The primary transmission route was identified as sexual or close intimate contact, with the virus predominantly manifesting on the legs, arms, and genital areas. Further, a study in Spain highlighted significant disparities in diagnosis delays, transmission modes, and clinical manifestations between genders, indicating a different risk profile and disease progression in women. Additionally, a case from Vietnam, linked to a new Mpox sub-lineage in women, emphasized the role of women in the transmission dynamics and the importance of genomic monitoring. This review emphasizes the necessity for inclusive surveillance and research to fully understand Mpox dynamics across diverse population groups, including women. Highlighting gender and sexual orientation in public health responses is crucial for an effective approach to managing the spread and impact of this disease. The findings advocate for a gender-diverse assessment in health services and further research to explore the nuances of Mpox transmission, behavior, and progression among different groups, thereby enhancing the global response to Mpox and similar public health challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T05:42:46Z","timestamp":1708494166000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Cisgender and Transgender Women and Non-Binary Individuals Assigned to the Female Sex at Birth: A Comprehensive, Critical Global Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nicola Luigi","family":"Bragazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Health Anthropology Biosphere and Healing Systems, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woldegebriel Assefa","family":"Woldegerima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manlio","family":"Converti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80027 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Szarpak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, 85-871 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Colorectal Cancer Unit, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, 15-027 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Crapanzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Odeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel"},{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9777-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Medicine B, Ziv Medical Center, Safed 13100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rola","family":"Khamisy-Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"},{"name":"Clalit Health Service, Akko 2412001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunge, E.M., Hoet, B., Chen, L., Lienert, F., Weidenthaler, H., Baer, L.R., and Steffen, R. (2022). The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.049","article-title":"Smallpox and its eradication in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons learned","volume":"29","author":"Mulembakani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","article-title":"Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"107","author":"Rimoin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-080122-030714","article-title":"Mpox: The Reemergence of an Old Disease and Inequities","volume":"75","author":"Thornhill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.130272.2","article-title":"Monkeypox (Mpox) in immunosuppressed patients","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.09.004","article-title":"Clinical review of human Mpox","volume":"29","author":"Ogoina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186357","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2186357","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of monkeypox at the human-animal-ecology interface","volume":"14","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, R.P., Fogel, R., and Limson, J. (2023). Overview of Diagnostic Methods, Disease Prevalence and Transmission of Mpox (Formerly Monkeypox) in Humans and Animal Reservoirs. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051186"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2132882","article-title":"Comprehensive literature review of monkeypox","volume":"11","author":"Hatmal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-023-00209-6","article-title":"Plausible reasons for the resurgence of Mpox (formerly Monkeypox): An overview","volume":"9","author":"Zebardast","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel. Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, February 08). WHO Director-General Declares the Ongoing Monkeypox Outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. 23 July 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.003","article-title":"Monkeypox (Mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Karagoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02542-x","article-title":"Viral genetic clustering and transmission dynamics of the 2022 Mpox outbreak in Portugal","volume":"29","author":"Borges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28244","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28244","article-title":"Integrated epidemiological, clinical, and molecular evidence points to an earlier origin of the current monkeypox outbreak and a complex route of exposure","volume":"95","author":"Bragazzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limonta, S., Lapadula, G., Mezzadri, L., Corsico, L., Rovida, F., Ranzani, A., Baldanti, F., and Bonfanti, P. (2024). Mpox Virus in the Pharynx of Men Having Sex with Men: A Case Series. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010092"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries\u2014April\u2013June 2022","volume":"387","author":"Thornhill","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27931","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27931","article-title":"Epidemiological trends and clinical features of the ongoing monkeypox epidemic: A preliminary pooled data analysis and literature review","volume":"95","author":"Bragazzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, January 28). 2022 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends. Available online: https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141064","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1141064","article-title":"Overlooked sex and gender aspects of emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons learned from COVID-19 to move towards health equity in pandemic response","volume":"4","author":"Lawry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Glob. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"87","article-title":"Monkey pox: Importance in female sexual health","volume":"74","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Obstet. Ginecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.291227","article-title":"Advancing the \u201csexual\u201d in sexual and reproductive health and rights: A global health, gender equality and human rights imperative","volume":"102","author":"Ghebreyesus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"334","article-title":"The Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Women and Children Patients","volume":"20","author":"Hoenig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01793-7","article-title":"Monkeypox and pregnancy: Time for global surveillance and prevention strategies","volume":"400","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26031","article-title":"Monkeypox infection during pregnancy: European registry to quantify maternal and fetal risks","volume":"60","author":"Pomar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02396-0","article-title":"Monkeypox virus infection in women and non-binary people: Uncommon or neglected?","volume":"400","author":"Amer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7201a2","article-title":"Mpox Cases Among Cisgender Women and Pregnant Persons\u2014United States, May 11\u2013November 7, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Oakley","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"143","article-title":"Viruela s\u00edmica: Caracter\u00edsticas en poblaci\u00f3n femenina, Buenos Aires, Argentina [Monkeypox: Characteristics in female population, Buenos Aires, Argentina]","volume":"84","author":"Lemos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102663","article-title":"Characteristics of women diagnosed with Mpox infection compared to men: A case series from Brazil","volume":"56","author":"Coutinho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2022.08.002","article-title":"Monkeypox in children and adult women in Europe: Results from a flash VACCELERATE pilot survey","volume":"41","author":"Grothe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2200867","article-title":"Mpox (formerly monkeypox) in women: Epidemiological features and clinical characteristics of Mpox cases in Spain, April to November 2022","volume":"27","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02187-0","article-title":"Human monkeypox virus infection in women and non-binary individuals during the 2022 outbreaks: A global case series","volume":"400","author":"Thornhill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2022.100155","article-title":"Ulcerating vulvar lesions revealing a rare female case of monkeypox in Switzerland","volume":"3","author":"Ezzat","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJOG Glob. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2901.221643","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus Infection in 18-Year-Old Woman after Sexual Intercourse, France, September 2022","volume":"29","author":"Chatelain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28421","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28421","article-title":"Beyond stigma: Monkeypox infection in a 27-year-old woman","volume":"95","author":"Bertoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2901.221662","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus Infection in 22-Year-Old Woman after Sexual Intercourse, New York, USA","volume":"29","author":"Zayat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00741-1","article-title":"Monkeypox encephalitis with transverse myelitis in a female patient","volume":"23","author":"Cole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e636","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18672","article-title":"Oro-mammary inoculation pathway of monkeypox in a female patient","volume":"37","author":"Mancha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27993","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27993","article-title":"Monkeypox in a 71-year-old woman","volume":"95","author":"Bruno","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.04.017","article-title":"A case report of Monkeypox in a 36-year old woman in Madrid","volume":"285","author":"Sukhwani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad096","article-title":"Impact of Monkeypox Virus Infection on Immune Parameters in a Woman with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Receiving Clinically Effective Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"228","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"D7082","article-title":"Klinische presentatie van monkeypox bij de vrouw [Clinical presentation of monkeypox in women]","volume":"166","author":"Petrignani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad072","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad072","article-title":"Eczema Monkeypoxicum in a Female Patient with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"10","author":"Napoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221921","article-title":"Mpox in Young Woman with No Epidemiologic Risk Factors, Massachusetts, USA","volume":"29","author":"Siedner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.12.004","article-title":"Mpox in a female sex worker in Nigeria: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Ogoina","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJID Reg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005170","article-title":"Mpox (Monkeypox) Infection During Pregnancy","volume":"141","author":"Sampson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01881","article-title":"Two cases of MPXV infection during pregnancy in heterosexual cisgender women without classic cutaneous lesions, Northern California, 2022","volume":"33","author":"Renfro","year":"2023","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221835","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2 Female Travelers Returning to Vietnam from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2022","volume":"29","author":"Dung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A., and Pittman, P.R. (2023). Mpox (Monkeypox) in Pregnancy: Viral Clade Differences and Their Associations with Varying Obstetrical and Fetal Outcomes. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081649"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27913","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27913","article-title":"Attaching a stigma to the LGBTQI+ community should be avoided during the monkeypox epidemic","volume":"95","author":"Bragazzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03090-x","article-title":"Possible tattoo-transmitted monkeypox viral infection","volume":"17","author":"Tascini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00652-1","article-title":"Monkeypox outbreak in a piercing and tattoo establishment in Spain","volume":"22","author":"Palacios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2210823","article-title":"MPXV Transmission at a Tattoo Parlor","volume":"388","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00795-2","article-title":"Mpox lesions on a tattoo","volume":"23","author":"Beaumont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"315","article-title":"Monkeypox virus transmission in tattoo parlor","volume":"46","author":"Tascini","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix260","article-title":"Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women with Human Monkeypox Infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"216","author":"Mbala","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2911.230606","article-title":"Congenital Mpox Syndrome (Clade I) in Stillborn Fetus after Placental Infection and Intrauterine Transmission, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2008","volume":"29","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022-0520-SA","article-title":"Mpox Virus in Pregnancy, the Placenta, and Newborn","volume":"147","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00260-9","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of intrauterine transmission of monkeypox virus","volume":"4","author":"Dashraath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060618","article-title":"Prophylaxis and treatment of pregnant women for emerging infections and bioterrorism emergencies","volume":"12","author":"Cono","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01629-0","article-title":"Monkeypox disease and pregnancy. Where are we today? A review of literature","volume":"43","author":"Tsantes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759635","article-title":"Expert Recommendations on Monkeypox (MPX) in Pregnancy, Postpartum and Lactating Women","volume":"44","author":"Mattar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01063-7","article-title":"Guidelines for pregnant individuals with monkeypox virus exposure","volume":"400","author":"Dashraath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.08.017","article-title":"Monkeypox in pregnancy: Virology, clinical presentation, and obstetric management","volume":"227","author":"Dashraath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/3\/325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:16Z","timestamp":1760104936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/3\/325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v16030325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16030325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]}}}