{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:20:12Z","timestamp":1788499212520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0902400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0902400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023XXSKC03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XXSKC03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB2110240080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB2110240080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009076","name":"University of Science and Technology of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0902400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0902400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009076","name":"University of Science and Technology of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023XXSKC03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XXSKC03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009076","name":"University of Science and Technology of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB2110240080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB2110240080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention research project","award":["2018YFA0902400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0902400"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention research project","award":["2023XXSKC03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XXSKC03"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention research project","award":["BB2110240080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB2110240080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The history of virology, which is marked by transformative breakthroughs, spans microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. From the development of Jenner\u2019s smallpox vaccine in 1796 to 20th-century innovations such as ultrafiltration and electron microscopy, the field of virology has undergone significant development. In 1898, Beijerinck laid the conceptual foundation for virology, marking a pivotal moment in the evolution of the discipline. Advancements in influenza A virus research in 1933 by Richard Shope furthered our understanding of respiratory pathogens. Additionally, in 1935, Stanley\u2019s determination of viruses as solid particles provided substantial progress in the field of virology. Key milestones include elucidation of reverse transcriptase by Baltimore and Temin in 1970, late 20th-century revelations linking viruses and cancer, and the discovery of HIV by Sinoussi, Montagnier, and Gallo in 1983, which has since shaped AIDS research. In the 21st century, breakthroughs such as gene technology, mRNA vaccines, and phage display tools were achieved in virology, demonstrating its potential for integration with molecular biology. The achievements of COVID-19 vaccines highlight the adaptability of virology to global health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T06:14:22Z","timestamp":1709100862000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evolution of Virology: Science History through Milestones and Technological Advancements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kunlan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongzhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2255-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE\/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1852-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.06.008","article-title":"Suppression of RNA Recognition by Toll-like Receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA","volume":"23","author":"Buckstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-4079(21)01851-0","article-title":"The future of medicine unlocked","volume":"251","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Howley, P.M., Knipe, D.M., and Enquist, L.W. (2023). Fields Virology: Fundamentals, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esparza, J., Nitsche, A., and Damaso, C.R. (2018). Beyond the myths: Novel findings for old paradigms in the history of the smallpox vaccine. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007082"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.130054","article-title":"The foundations of virology: Discoverers and discoveries, inventors and inventions, developers and technologies","volume":"19","author":"Bloom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400472111","article-title":"History of vaccination","volume":"111","author":"Plotkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, T.D. (1999). Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology, ASM Press.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818272"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"247","article-title":"Sur un filtre donnant de l\u2019eau physiologiquement pure","volume":"99","author":"Chamberland","year":"1884","journal-title":"C R. Acad. Sci. Paris"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"451","article-title":"Concerning the mosaic disease of tobacco","volume":"32","author":"Mayer","year":"1886","journal-title":"Die Landwirtsch. Vers."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"67","article-title":"Concerning the mosaic disease of the tobacco plant","volume":"35","author":"Iwanowski","year":"1892","journal-title":"St. Petersburg Acad. Imp. Sci. Bul."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3","article-title":"Concerning a contagium vivum fluidum as cause of the spot disease of tobacco leaves","volume":"65","author":"Beijerinck","year":"1898","journal-title":"Verh. Der Koninkyke Akad. Wettenschapppen Te Amst."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"371","article-title":"Berichte der kommission zur erforschung der maulundklauenseuche bei dem institut fur infektionskrankheiten","volume":"23","author":"Loeffler","year":"1898","journal-title":"Zentralblatt Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infekt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050458","article-title":"A reappraisal of the contribution of Friedrich Loeffler to the development of the modern concept of virus","volume":"143","author":"Witz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.030","article-title":"Yellow fever","volume":"64","author":"Monath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"12","article-title":"Innesto positivo con filtrado di verrucae volgare","volume":"48","author":"Ciuffo","year":"1907","journal-title":"Ital. Mal. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112160","article-title":"100 years of Rous sarcoma virus","volume":"208","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"373","article-title":"Sur un microbe invisible antagonistic des bacilles dysenterique","volume":"165","year":"1917","journal-title":"C R. Acad. Sci. Paris"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/13.2.294","article-title":"Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia","volume":"13","author":"Steinhardt","year":"1913","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"209","article-title":"The susceptibility of the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos to infection with the fowl-pox virus","volume":"7","author":"Woodruff","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.54.3.349","article-title":"Swine influenza. I. Experimental transmission and pathology","volume":"54","author":"Shope","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2505","article-title":"History of influenza epidemics and discovery of influenza virus","volume":"55","author":"Shimizu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700340414","article-title":"A new series of graded collodion membranes suitable for general bacteriological use, especially in filterable virus studies","volume":"34","author":"Elford","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1126\/science.81.2113.644","article-title":"Isolation of a crystalline protein possessing the properties of tobacco-mosaic virus","volume":"81","author":"Stanley","year":"1935","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0409","article-title":"Virus reconstitution and the proof of the existence of genomic RNA","volume":"354","author":"Singer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"389","article-title":"Die magnetische sammelspule f\u00fcr schnelle elektronenstrahlen. (The magnetic concentrating coil for fast electron beams)","volume":"12","author":"Ruska","year":"1931","journal-title":"Zeit Physik"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01775798","article-title":"Bakterien und virus in \u00fcbermikroskopischer aufnahme","volume":"17","author":"Ruska","year":"1938","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/1381051a0","article-title":"Liquid crystalline substances from virus infected plants","volume":"138","author":"Bawden","year":"1936","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.22.3.365","article-title":"The growth of bacteriophage","volume":"22","author":"Ellis","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1946.011.01.014","article-title":"Novel genotypes in mixed cultures of biochemical mutants of bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Lederberg","year":"1946","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0960289","article-title":"The specific effectors of viral development (The First Keilin Memorial Lecture)","volume":"96","author":"Lwoff","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.38.8.747","article-title":"Production of plaques in monolayer tissue cultures by single particles of an animal virus","volume":"38","author":"Dulbecco","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.41.10.690","article-title":"Reconstitution of active tobacco mosaic virus from its inactive protein and nucleic acid components","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/177702a0","article-title":"Infectivity of ribonucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"177","author":"Gierer","year":"1956","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1957.0048","article-title":"Virus interference. I. The interferon","volume":"147","author":"Isaacs","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. London Set. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(58)90114-4","article-title":"Characteristics of an assay for Rous sarcoma virus and Rous sarcoma cells in tissue culture","volume":"6","author":"Temin","year":"1958","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68048-8","article-title":"Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. I. Preparation of substrates and partial purification of an enzyme from Escherichia coli","volume":"233","author":"Lehman","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1128\/br.35.3.235-241.1971","article-title":"Expression of animal virus genomes","volume":"35","author":"Baltimore","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.112144","article-title":"Personal reflections on the origins and emergence of recombinant DNA technology","volume":"184","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(73)90122-8","article-title":"Specific studies of simian virus 40 DNA. VII. A cleavage map of the SV40 genome","volume":"78","author":"Danna","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/273113a0","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA","volume":"273","author":"Fiers","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.12.5463","article-title":"DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors","volume":"74","author":"Sanger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.8.3171","article-title":"Spliced segments at the 5\u2032 terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA","volume":"74","author":"Berget","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/276368a0","article-title":"Tomato bushy stunt virus at 2.9\u00c5 resolution","volume":"276","author":"Harrison","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6801762","article-title":"Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie","volume":"216","author":"Prusiner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183","article-title":"Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immunodefciency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Chermann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.12.3812","article-title":"A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions","volume":"80","author":"Gissmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4001944","article-title":"Filamentous fusion phage: Novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface","volume":"228","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01646107","article-title":"Yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine","volume":"15","author":"Hilleman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0793-42","article-title":"Viral quasispecies","volume":"269","author":"Eigen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7096","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.20.7096","article-title":"3\u2019-Azido-3\u2019-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): An antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III\/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro","volume":"82","author":"Mitsuya","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610103351501","article-title":"A trial comparing nucleoside monotherapy with combination therapy in HIV-infected adults with CD4 cell counts from 200 to 500 per cubic millimeter. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Study Team","volume":"335","author":"Hammer","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06739.x","article-title":"Infectious rabies viruses from cloned cDNA","volume":"13","author":"Schnell","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072266","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template","volume":"297","author":"Cello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242579699","article-title":"Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1645","article-title":"Replication of hepatitis C virus","volume":"5","author":"Moradpour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"255","article-title":"The CRISPR\/Cas9 genome editing methodology as a weapon against human viruses","volume":"19","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-018-0424-3","article-title":"Super-resolution fuorescence microscopy studies of human immunodefciency virus","volume":"15","author":"Chojnacki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.04.001","article-title":"Human organoid cultures: Transformative new tools for human virus studies","volume":"29","author":"Ramani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.018","article-title":"Molecular architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 virus","volume":"183","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/3\/374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:06:15Z","timestamp":1760105175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/3\/374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v16030374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16030374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]}}}