{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:08:39Z","timestamp":1773155319634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Culture of Lower Saxony, Germany","award":["14\u201476103-184 CORONA-15\/20 to A.V. and W.B."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\u201476103-184 CORONA-15\/20 to A.V. and W.B."]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Culture of Lower Saxony, Germany","award":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/1 to A.V., G.S., and W.B."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/1 to A.V., G.S., and W.B."]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Culture of Lower Saxony, Germany","award":["F.2-F2412.32\/1\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.2-F2412.32\/1\/45"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["14\u201476103-184 CORONA-15\/20 to A.V. and W.B."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\u201476103-184 CORONA-15\/20 to A.V. and W.B."]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/1 to A.V., G.S., and W.B."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/1 to A.V., G.S., and W.B."]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["F.2-F2412.32\/1\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.2-F2412.32\/1\/45"]}]},{"name":"COVID","award":["14\u201476103-184 CORONA-15\/20 to A.V. and W.B."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\u201476103-184 CORONA-15\/20 to A.V. and W.B."]}]},{"name":"COVID","award":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/1 to A.V., G.S., and W.B."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398066876\/GRK 2485\/1 to A.V., G.S., and W.B."]}]},{"name":"COVID","award":["F.2-F2412.32\/1\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.2-F2412.32\/1\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates the need for new vaccines that rapidly protect in the case of an emergency. In this study, we developed a recombinant MVA vaccine co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein (ST) and SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N, MVA-SARS-2-ST\/N) as an approach to further improve vaccine-induced immunogenicity and efficacy. Single MVA-SARS-2-ST\/N vaccination in K18-hACE2 mice induced robust protection against lethal respiratory SARS-CoV-2 challenge infection 28 days later. The protective outcome of MVA-SARS-2-ST\/N vaccination correlated with the activation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (nABs) and substantial amounts of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells especially in the lung of MVA-SARS-2-ST\/N-vaccinated mice. Emergency vaccination with MVA-SARS-2-ST\/N just 2 days before lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge infection resulted in a delayed onset of clinical disease outcome in these mice and increased titers of nAB or SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the spleen and lung. These data highlight the potential of a multivalent COVID-19 vaccine co-expressing S- and N-protein, which further contributes to the development of rapidly protective vaccination strategies against emerging pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T05:44:06Z","timestamp":1709876646000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Single MVA-SARS-2-ST\/N Vaccination Rapidly Protects K18-hACE2 Mice against a Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Challenge Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Clever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Limpinsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Meyer zu Natrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa-Marie","family":"Sch\u00fcnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2192-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Beythien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Rosiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1577-5856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"H\u00fclsk\u00f6tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1270-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina Manuela","family":"Gregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Tuchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5468-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Kalodimou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Freudenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6066-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Tscherne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asisa","family":"Volz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, December 11). 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