{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:59:56Z","timestamp":1780639196339,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CENID-SAI\/INIFAP, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico","award":["2192136578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2192136578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has affected the pork industry worldwide and during outbreaks the mortality of piglets has reached 100%. Lipid nanocarriers are commonly used in the development of immunostimulatory particles due to their biocompatibility and slow-release delivery properties. In this study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) complex based on glycyrrhizinic acid (GA) and tested its efficacy as an adjuvant in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminal domain (NTD) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike (S) protein (rNTD-S). The dispersion stability analysis (Z-potential \u221227.6 mV) confirmed the size and charge stability of the LNP-GA, demonstrating that the particles were homogeneously dispersed and strongly anionic, which favors nanoparticles binding with the rNTD-S protein, which showed a slightly positive charge (2.11 mV) by in silico analysis. TEM image of LNP-GA revealed nanostructures with a spherical-bilayer lipid vesicle (~100 nm). The immunogenicity of the LNP-GA-rNTD-S complex induced an efficient humoral response 14 days after the first immunization (p &lt; 0.05) as well as an influence on the cellular immune response by decreasing serum TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 concentrations, which was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T07:25:32Z","timestamp":1710141932000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of Glycyrrhizinic Acid-Based Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP-GA) as An Adjuvant That Improves the Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Recombinant Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4421-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Bryan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cambr\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Biolog\u00eda Experimental, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09089, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Cerrite\u00f1o-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 05110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Lara-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Estancia Posdoctoral, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Quintanar-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli, Estado de M\u00e9xico 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9597-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Blancas-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09089, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda L.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gayt\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica ICUAP, Laboratorio de Bioinorg\u00e1nica Aplicada, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2426-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma","family":"Herrera-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica ICUAP, Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Edificio IC7, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieta Sandra","family":"Cuevas-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 05110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-020-00179-7","article-title":"Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: Where are we headed?","volume":"7","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Porc. 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