{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:54:42Z","timestamp":1790456082735,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Toscana","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"Regione Toscana","award":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Italian Government","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"Italian Government","award":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"]}]},{"name":"EU Commission","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"EU Commission","award":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["060701\/2021\/864481\/SUB\/ENV.C2"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM MUR 1062\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is currently used to monitor not only the spread of the viral SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but also that of other viruses in endemic conditions, particularly in the absence of syndromic surveillance. The continuous monitoring of sewage requires high expenditure and significant time investments, highlighting the need for standardized methods and structured monitoring strategies. In this context, we conducted weekly wastewater monitoring in northwestern Tuscany (Italy) and targeted human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus genogroup II (NoVggII), enterovirus (EV), and SARS-CoV-2. Samples were collected at the entrances of treatment plants and concentrated using PEG\/NaCl precipitation, and viral nucleic acids were extracted and detected through real-time reverse transcription qPCR. NoVggII was the most identified target (84.4%), followed by HAdV, SARS-CoV-2, and EV. Only HAdV and EV exhibited seasonal peaks in spring and summer. Compared with data that were previously collected in the same study area (from February 2021 to September 2021), the results for SARS-CoV-2 revealed a shift from an epidemic to an endemic pattern, at least in the region under investigation, which was likely due to viral mutations that led to the spreading of new variants with increased resistance to summer environmental conditions. In conclusion, using standardized methods and an efficient monitoring strategy, WBE proves valuable for viral surveillance in pandemic and epidemic scenarios, enabling the identification of temporal\u2013local distribution patterns that are useful for making informed public health decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T04:34:46Z","timestamp":1710995686000},"page":"482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Viral Surveillance from an Endemic Perspective: Evidence and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4078-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Verani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-8546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ileana","family":"Federigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Lauretani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nebiyu Tariku","family":"Atomsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Viviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalaura","family":"Carducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35\/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119132","article-title":"Poliomyelitis virus in urban sewage in epidemic and in nonepidemic times","volume":"45","author":"Melnick","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. 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