{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:57:52Z","timestamp":1790683072898,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory viral infections (RVIs) are common reasons for healthcare consultations. The inpatient management of RVIs consumes significant resources. From 2009 to 2014, we assessed the costs of RVI management in 4776 hospitalized children aged 0\u201318 years participating in a quality improvement program, where all ILI patients underwent virologic testing at the National Reference Centre followed by detailed recording of their clinical course. The direct (medical or non-medical) and indirect costs of inpatient management outside the ICU (\u2018non-ICU\u2019) versus management requiring ICU care (\u2018ICU\u2019) added up to EUR 2767.14 (non-ICU) vs. EUR 29,941.71 (ICU) for influenza, EUR 2713.14 (non-ICU) vs. EUR 16,951.06 (ICU) for RSV infections, and EUR 2767.33 (non-ICU) vs. EUR 14,394.02 (ICU) for human rhinovirus (hRV) infections, respectively. Non-ICU inpatient costs were similar for all eight RVIs studied: influenza, RSV, hRV, adenovirus (hAdV), metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza virus (hPIV), bocavirus (hBoV), and seasonal coronavirus (hCoV) infections. ICU costs for influenza, however, exceeded all other RVIs. At the time of the study, influenza was the only RVI with antiviral treatment options available for children, but only 9.8% of influenza patients (non-ICU) and 1.5% of ICU patients with influenza received antivirals; only 2.9% were vaccinated. Future studies should investigate the economic impact of treatment and prevention of influenza, COVID-19, and RSV post vaccine introduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T11:34:58Z","timestamp":1711452898000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Disease Burden and Inpatient Management of Children with Acute Respiratory Viral Infections during the Pre-COVID Era in Germany: A Cost-of-Illness Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"Alchikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Safety Initiative, 10437 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim O. F.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zuse Institute Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick E.","family":"Obermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Safety Initiative, 10437 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5348-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brunhilde","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5421-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onya","family":"Opota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Safety Initiative, 10437 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61901-1","article-title":"Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"381","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30545-5","article-title":"Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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