{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:05:56Z","timestamp":1787763956012,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AMED","award":["JP20fk0108123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20fk0108123"]}]},{"name":"AMED","award":["JP23fk0108656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108656"]}]},{"name":"AMED","award":["JP21K08512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K08512"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20fk0108123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20fk0108123"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23fk0108656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108656"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21K08512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K08512"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes have been shown to play physiological roles in cell-to-cell communication by delivering various proteins and nucleic acids. In addition, several studies revealed that the EVs derived from the cells that are infected with certain viruses could transfer the full-length viral genomes, resulting in EVs-mediated virus propagation. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that the prepared EVs were contaminated with infectious viral particles. In this study, the cells that harbor subgenomic replicon derived from the Japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus without producing any replication-competent viruses were employed as the EV donor. It was demonstrated that the EVs in the culture supernatants of those cells were able to transfer the replicon genome to other cells of various types. It was also shown that the EVs were incorporated by the recipient cells primarily through macropinocytosis after interaction with CD33 and Tim-1\/Tim-4 on HeLa and K562 cells, respectively. Since the methods used in this study are free from contamination with infectious viral particles, it is unequivocally indicated that the flavivirus genome can be transferred by EVs from cell to cell, suggesting that this pathway, in addition to the classical receptor-mediated infection, may play some roles in the viral propagation and pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T12:52:12Z","timestamp":1711630332000},"page":"524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Dissemination of the Flavivirus Subgenomic Replicon Genome and Viral Proteins by Extracellular Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinichi","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. 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