{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:40:28Z","timestamp":1769600428122,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Commission of China","award":["2017ZX10103006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10103006"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of China","award":["20JR5RA142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR5RA142"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of China","award":["2022-2-46Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2-46Y"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017ZX10103006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10103006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20JR5RA142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR5RA142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-2-46Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2-46Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Baiyin Science and Technology Bureau","award":["2017ZX10103006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10103006"]}]},{"name":"Baiyin Science and Technology Bureau","award":["20JR5RA142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR5RA142"]}]},{"name":"Baiyin Science and Technology Bureau","award":["2022-2-46Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2-46Y"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of an outbreak primarily caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in a kindergarten and primary school. The outbreak was investigated by field epidemiological investigation, and the common respiratory pathogens were screened by RT-PCR detection technology. The attack rate of this outbreak was 63.95% (110\/172). Main symptoms included cough (85.45%), sore throat (60.91%), and sneezing (60.00%). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that continuous handwashing and mouth and nose covering when sneezing were protective factors. All 15 collected throat swab specimens tested positive for viruses, with HMPV as the predominant pathogen (80.00%), followed by HRV (53.33%), and two cases of positive respiratory syncytial virus (13.33%). Among them, six samples showed coinfections of HMPV and HRV, and one had coinfections of HMPV and RSV, resulting in a coinfection rate of 46.67%. Genetic sequencing indicated that the HMPV genotype in this outbreak was A2c, and the HRV genotype was type A, resulting in a coinfection outbreak of HMPV, HRV, and RSV in schools and kindergartens, suggesting that multi-pathogen surveillance of respiratory tract infections should be strengthened.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:44:52Z","timestamp":1711892692000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of an Outbreak on Respiratory Virus Coinfection in Gansu, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (Gansu Province), Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianshuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianming","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genxia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tongxia","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Training Department, Baiyin City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyin 730900, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016). 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