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Technology","award":["2022YB010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YB010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PRRS is a viral disease that profoundly impacts the global swine industry, causing significant economic losses. The development of a novel and effective vaccine is crucial to halt the rapid transmission of this virus. There have been several vaccination attempts against PRRSV using both traditional and alternative vaccine design development approaches. Unfortunately, there is no currently available vaccine that can completely control this disease. Thus, our study aimed to develop an mRNA vaccine using the antigens expressed by single or fused PRRSV structural proteins. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of the immunogenic mRNA was determined by considering the antigenicity of structural proteins and the stability of spatial structure. Purified GP5 protein served as the detection antigen in the immunological evaluation. Furthermore, cellular mRNA expression was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. In a mice experiment, the Ab titer in serum and the activation of spleen lymphocytes triggered by the antigen were detected by ELISA and ICS, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that both mRNA vaccines can significantly stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses. More specifically, the GP5-mRNA exhibited an immunological response that was similar to that of the commercially available vaccine when administered in high doses. To conclude, our vaccine may show promising results against the wild-type virus in a natural host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:44:52Z","timestamp":1711892692000},"page":"544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The mRNA Vaccine Expressing Single and Fused Structural Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Induces Strong Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in BalB\/C Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3029-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luoyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashenafi Kiros","family":"Wubshet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shitong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaishen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3684-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaozhong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Development Status and Prospects of mRNA Vaccines in the Prevention and Control of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Xu, Z., Xu, T., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Deng, H., Li, F., Xu, L., Sun, X., and Zhu, L. (2022). Molecular Characterization of the Nsp2 and ORF5s of PRRSV Strains in Sichuan China during 2012\u20132020. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233309"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3215","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14485","article-title":"Novel characteristics of Chinese NADC34-like PRRSV during 2020\u20132021","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.092","article-title":"Live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Current status and future direction","volume":"33","author":"Renukaradhya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Ge, X., and Yang, H. (2021). 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Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.07.016","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in China","volume":"154","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.09.008","article-title":"Polyplex nanomicelle delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccine","volume":"338","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39059-8","article-title":"Emergence of Two different recombinant PRRSV strains with low neutralizing antibody susceptibility in China","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020). 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Release"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7300","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b02497","article-title":"Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations for mRNA Delivery in Vivo with Fractional Factorial and Definitive Screening Designs","volume":"15","author":"Kauffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302917","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202302917","article-title":"Ionizable Lipid with Supramolecular Chemistry Features for RNA Delivery In Vivo","volume":"19","author":"Manning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"313","article-title":"Evaluation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in laboratory rodents","volume":"73","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/4\/544\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:21:38Z","timestamp":1760106098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/4\/544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v16040544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16040544","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}}}