{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:57:49Z","timestamp":1778698669693,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stiftung Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen","award":["KR 4476\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 4476\/5-1"]}]},{"name":"Rudolf Ackermann Foundation","award":["KR 4476\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 4476\/5-1"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation","award":["KR 4476\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 4476\/5-1"]}]},{"name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","award":["KR 4476\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 4476\/5-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still a major health problem. Newly emerging variants and long-COVID-19 represent a challenge for the global health system. In particular, individuals in developing countries with insufficient health care need easily accessible, affordable and effective treatments of COVID-19. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase against infections with various viruses, including early variants of SARS-CoV-2. This work investigated whether the acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors fluoxetine and sertraline, usually used as antidepressant molecules in clinical practice, can inhibit the replication of the former and recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro. Fluoxetine and sertraline potently inhibited the infection with pseudotyped virus-like particles and SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, alpha, delta, omicron BA.1 and omicron BA.5. These results highlight fluoxetine and sertraline as priority candidates for large-scale phase 3 clinical trials at different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infections, either alone or in combination with other medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:44:52Z","timestamp":1711892692000},"page":"545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2034-6255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Th\u00fcmmler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Sehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Soddemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3169-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peer","family":"Bra\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0955-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"Bormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Brochhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German 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(IPBS), CNRS, University of Toulouse, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Ciesek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Widera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Dittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Lindemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Witzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6430-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kadow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6608-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Kamler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Gulbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, 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Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, January 08). 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