{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T01:55:47Z","timestamp":1768701347885,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400004C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swine influenza A viruses pose a public health concern as novel and circulating strains occasionally spill over into human hosts, with the potential to cause disease. Crucial to preempting these events is the use of a threat assessment framework for human populations. However, established guidelines do not specify which animal models or in vitro substrates should be used. We completed an assessment of a contemporary swine influenza isolate, A\/swine\/GA\/A27480\/2019 (H1N2), using animal models and human cell substrates. Infection studies in vivo revealed high replicative ability and a pathogenic phenotype in the swine host, with replication corresponding to a complementary study performed in swine primary respiratory epithelial cells. However, replication was limited in human primary cell substrates. This contrasted with our findings in the Calu-3 cell line, which demonstrated a replication profile on par with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. These data suggest that the selection of models is important for meaningful risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:44:52Z","timestamp":1711892692000},"page":"548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pandemic Risk Assessment for Swine Influenza A Virus in Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Padykula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lambodhar","family":"Damodaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey T.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5340-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madelyn","family":"Krunkosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5616-8118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily F.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Neasham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilis C.","family":"Pliasas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris L.","family":"Siepker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7661-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Howerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantinos S.","family":"Kyriakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Mark","family":"Tompkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225","article-title":"Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in 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