{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:41:46Z","timestamp":1770702106910,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiometabolic health has become crucial, especially for women with HIV (WWH). We assessed the achievement of targets for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes (H\/Dy\/DT) in primary prevention in a WWH cohort. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis including all WWH in our clinic, excluding those who had a myocardial infarction. H\/Dy\/DT achievement was assessed by both EACS guidelines and individual cardiovascular risk, CVR (measured by ESC calculator), using logistic regression to evaluate differences in H\/Dy\/DT achievement between migrant and Italian women. Results: We included 292 WWH, 55.5% Italian and 44.5% migrant women; the median age was 50 (IQR:42\u201358) years, 94.5% had undetectable HIV-RNA, 55.1% had a high level of education, 27.1% were smokers, and 19.2% did regularly physical exercise. Overall, 76%, 19%, and 5% of women presented a low, a high, and a very high CVR, respectively. Among Italians, 28.4% and 6.2% women presented a high and a very high CVR, respectively. Considering migrants, 7.7% and 3.8% women presented a high and a very high CVR, respectively. Overall, among migrant women, those with a high CVR were more likely to be not at target than those with a low risk (especially for LDL-c and blood pressure among people on treatment), despite the fact that we did not detect a statistically significant difference. By contrast, migrants were more likely to achieve glycemic targets than Italians (p = 0.032). Conclusions: H\/Dy\/DT target achievement is suboptimal, especially in migrants. A more aggressive pharmacological treatment, also assessing adherence to medical prescriptions, and promotion of healthy lifestyle should be urgently implemented, possibly redrawing the current model of care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T08:55:12Z","timestamp":1712652912000},"page":"578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Achievement of Primary Prevention Cardiometabolic Targets in Women with HIV: An Urgent Call to Action to Pursue Cardiovascular Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0263-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Mazzitelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University Hospital, 38128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7628-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Zuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 42121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Putaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Belluno Hospital, 32100 Belluno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Bragato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University Hospital, 38128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Vania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University Hospital, 38128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lolita","family":"Sasset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University Hospital, 38128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University Hospital, 38128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Baldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2869-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Cattelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua University Hospital, 38128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (2017). Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: A collaborative analysis of cohort studies. Lancet HIV, 4, e349\u2013e356.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30066-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2015). The end of AIDS?. Lancet HIV, 2, e71.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00029-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autenrieth, C.S., Beck, E.J., Stelzle, D., Mallouris, C., Mahy, M., and Ghys, P. (2018). Global and regional trends of people living with HIV aged 50 and over: Estimates and projections for 2000\u20132020. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207005"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2022.2038363","article-title":"Comorbidities among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida: A network analysis","volume":"35","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101392","article-title":"Health conditions in adults with HIV compared with the general population: A population-based cross-sectional analysis","volume":"47","author":"Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002403","article-title":"Polypharmacy and evaluation of anticholinergic risk in a cohort of elderly people living with HIV","volume":"33","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003493","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and their correlation with cardiovascular risk, obesity, and mood disorders in people with HIV","volume":"37","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0083","article-title":"Evaluation of a Clinic Dedicated to People Aging with HIV at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital: Results of a 10-Year Experience","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0078","article-title":"Overall Tolerability of Integrase Inhibitors in Clinical Practice: Results from a Multicenter Italian Cohort","volume":"37","author":"Ciccullo","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13146","article-title":"Efficacy and durability of two- vs. three-drug integrase inhibitor-based regimens in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: Data from real-life ODOACRE cohort","volume":"22","author":"Fabbiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1935438","article-title":"Factors associated with overweight\/obesity in a cohort of people living with HIV over 50 years of age","volume":"34","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad348","article-title":"Use of different anticholinergic scales and their correlation with anticholinergic symptom burden in a cohort of people living with HIV","volume":"79","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruamtawee, W., Tipayamongkholgul, M., Aimyong, N., and Manosuthi, W. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific region: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15321-7"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101613","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of non-AIDS-defining cancers among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00137-6","article-title":"The effect of non-AIDS-defining cancers on people living with HIV","volume":"22","author":"Chiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007107","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007107","article-title":"Disparities in the Quality of Cardiovascular Care Between HIV-Infected Versus HIV-Uninfected Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"6","author":"Ladapo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"281","article-title":"Gender Differences in Outcomes of Antiretroviral Treatment Among HIV-Infected Patients in China: A Retrospective Cohort Study, 2010\u20132015","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000756","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in women living with HIV","volume":"17","author":"Kentoffio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000413","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk among women living with HIV in North America and Europe","volume":"12","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13204","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Current Knowledge, Implications, and Future Directions","volume":"40","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666060-00004","article-title":"Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders in HIV-positive patients: Epidemiology and impact on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"66","author":"Chander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/157308","article-title":"Menopause and women\u2019s cardiovascular health: Is it really an obvious relationship?","volume":"19","author":"Ryczkowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12843","article-title":"Rate of dyslipidemia higher among women living with HIV: A comparison of metabolic and cardiovascular health in a cohort to study aging in HIV","volume":"21","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13242","article-title":"Obesity in women living with HIV aged 45\u201360 in England: An analysis of the PRIME study","volume":"23","author":"Ashraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzitelli, M., Fusco, P., Brogna, M., Vallone, A., D\u2019argenio, L., Beradelli, G., Foti, G., Mangano, C., Carpentieri, M.S., and Cosco, L. (2022). Weight of Clinical and Social Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with HIV. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061339"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajumobi, O., Itanyi, I.U., Ogidi, A.G., Slinkard, S.A., and Ezeanolue, E.E. (2023). Potential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and associated sociodemographic characteristics: A cross-sectional evaluation of a large cohort of women living with HIV in north-central Nigeria. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002667"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001109","article-title":"Inflammation, immune activation, and cardiovascular disease in HIV","volume":"30","author":"Nou","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (2002). Expert Panel on Detection & Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106, 3143\u20133421.","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"European AIDS Clinical Society (2023). Guidelines Version 12.0, European AIDS Clinical Society."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattelan, A.M., Mazzitelli, M., Presa, N., Cozzolino, C., Sasset, L., Leoni, D., Bragato, B., Scaglione, V., Baldo, V., and Parisi, S.G. (2023). Changing Prevalence of AIDS and Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers in an Incident Cohort of People Living with HIV over 28 Years. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010070"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"387","article-title":"Life expectancy of people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Spain","volume":"38","author":"Rava","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826710389925","article-title":"CUORE project: Implementation of the 10-year risk score","volume":"18","author":"Palmieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ESC Cardiovasc Risk Collaboration, and SCORE2 Working Group (2021). SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: New models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Eur. Heart J., 42, 2439\u20132454.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab309"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2017.11.003","article-title":"Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"45","author":"Reamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2021.06.013","article-title":"Tobacco-related cardiovascular risk in women: New issues and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"114","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2022.12.013","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and risk assessment in people living with HIV: Current practices and novel perspectives","volume":"71","author":"Fragkou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"161","article-title":"Under-prescription of statins in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Baratta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxac224","article-title":"Underprescribing of statin therapy in people with HIV at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"79","author":"Aragon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.01.003","article-title":"Under-utilization of statins among people with HIV who were aged 40 years or older","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.08.070","article-title":"Gaps and Disparities in Primary Prevention Statin Prescription During Outpatient Care","volume":"161","author":"Metser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"30","article-title":"Real-world efficacy of current lipid-lowering strategies in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Time to change the paradigm for treatment","volume":"24","author":"Zuin","year":"2023","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"469","article-title":"Statins Utilization in Adults With HIV: The Treatment Gap and Predictors of Statin Initiation","volume":"91","author":"Coburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ober, A.J., Takada, S., Zajdman, D., Todd, I., Horwich, T., Anderson, A., Wali, S., and Ladapo, J.A. (2021). Factors affecting statin uptake among people living with HIV: Primary care provider perspectives. BMC Fam. Pract., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-021-01563-0"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23102-2","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of statins on outcomes in patients with HIV infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Vigny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1501-1","article-title":"Tenofovir\/emtricitabine\/efavirenz plus rosuvastatin decrease serum levels of inflammatory markers more than antiretroviral drugs alone in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients","volume":"15","author":"Calza","year":"2014","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.05.046","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Placebo-Controlled Randomized Controlled Trials on the Prevalence of Statin Intolerance","volume":"120","author":"Riaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304146","article-title":"Pitavastatin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection","volume":"389","author":"Grinspoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000695","article-title":"Characteristics, Prevention, and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With HIV: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"140","author":"Feinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29855","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029855","article-title":"Real-life use of Doravirine in treatment-experienced people living with HIV: A multicenter Italian study","volume":"101","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28488","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028488","article-title":"Real life use of dolutegravir doravirine dual regimen in experienced elderly PLWH with multiple comorbidities and on polypharmacy: A retrospective analysis","volume":"100","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/4\/578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:25:33Z","timestamp":1760106333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/4\/578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v16040578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16040578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]}}}