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(2) Methods: We sequenced HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from participants with HBV\/HIV from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project study (2013\u20132018) using the Oxford Nanopore GridION platform. Consensus sequences were analyzed for genotypic and mutational profiles. (3) Results: Overall, 98 HBV sequences had evaluable reverse transcriptase region coverage. The median participant age was 43 years (IQR: 37, 49) and 66\/98 (67.4%) were female. Most participants, i.e., 86\/98 (87.8%) had suppressed HIV viral load (VL). HBV RAMs were identified in 61\/98 (62.2%) participants. Most RAMs were in positions 204 (60.3%), 180 (50.5%), and 173 (33.3%), mostly associated with lamivudine resistance. The triple mutations rtM204V\/L180M\/V173L were the most predominant (17\/61 [27.9%]). Most participants (96.7%) with RAMs were on antiretroviral therapy for a median duration of 7.5 years (IQR: 4.8, 10.5). Approximately 27.9% (17\/61) of participants with RAMs had undetectable HBV VL, 50.8% (31\/61) had VL &lt; 2000 IU\/mL, and 13\/61 (21.3%) had VL \u2265 2000 IU\/mL. (4) Conclusions: The high prevalence of lamivudine RAMs discourages the use of ART regimens with 3TC as the only HBV-active drug in people with HIV\/HBV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1712897066000},"page":"592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Drug Resistance Mutations to Lamivudine among People with HIV\/HBV Coinfection in Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonolo B.","family":"Phinius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-9684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motswedi","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Mokomane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonderful T.","family":"Choga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basetsana","family":"Phakedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsholofelo","family":"Ratsoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorata","family":"Mpebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Makhema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Lockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Musonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simani","family":"Gaseitsiwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). 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