{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:43:41Z","timestamp":1776912221838,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Medical Innovation Research Special Major Project","award":["21Y31900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y31900400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Medical Innovation Research Special Major Project","award":["20MC1920100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20MC1920100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Medical Innovation Research Special Major Project","award":["SHDC22021317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22021317"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Medical Innovation Research Special Major Project","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Medical Innovation Research Special Major Project","award":["SHDC2020CR6025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR6025"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Infectious Diseases (AIDS) Clinical Medical Research Center Project","award":["21Y31900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y31900400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Infectious Diseases (AIDS) Clinical Medical Research Center Project","award":["20MC1920100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20MC1920100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Infectious Diseases (AIDS) Clinical Medical Research Center Project","award":["SHDC22021317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22021317"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Infectious Diseases (AIDS) Clinical Medical Research Center Project","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Infectious Diseases (AIDS) Clinical Medical Research Center Project","award":["SHDC2020CR6025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR6025"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["21Y31900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y31900400"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["20MC1920100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20MC1920100"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["SHDC22021317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22021317"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["SHDC2020CR6025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR6025"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Critical Special Project","award":["21Y31900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y31900400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Critical Special Project","award":["20MC1920100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20MC1920100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Critical Special Project","award":["SHDC22021317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22021317"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Critical Special Project","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Critical Special Project","award":["SHDC2020CR6025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR6025"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Research Basic Support Project","award":["21Y31900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y31900400"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Research Basic Support Project","award":["20MC1920100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20MC1920100"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Research Basic Support Project","award":["SHDC22021317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22021317"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Research Basic Support Project","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}]},{"name":"Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Research Basic Support Project","award":["SHDC2020CR6025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR6025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trends in and risk factors for drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with active tuberculosis were analyzed. The clinical data of M. tuberculosis and HIV-coinfected patients treated at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center between 2010 and 2022 were collected. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by solid or liquid culture. The phenotypic drug susceptibility test was carried out via the proportional method, and the resistance to first-line and second-line drugs was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify associated risk factors for drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. Of the 304 patients with a M. tuberculosis-positive culture and first-line drug susceptibility test results, 114 (37.5%) were resistant to at least one first-line anti-tuberculosis drug. Of the 93 patients with first-line and second-line drug susceptibility test results, 40 (43%) were resistant to at least one anti-tuberculosis drug, and 20 (21.5%), 27 (29.0%), 19 (20.4%), 16 (17.2%), and 14 (15.1%) were resistant to rifampicin, streptomycin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, respectively; 17 patients (18.3%) had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Between 2010 and 2021, the rate of resistance to streptomycin and rifampicin ranged from 14.3% to 40.0% and from 8.0% to 26.3%, respectively, showing an increasing trend year by year. From 2016 to 2021, the rate of resistance to quinolones fluctuated between 7.7% and 27.8%, exhibiting an overall upward trend. Logistic regression analysis showed that being aged &lt;60 years old was a risk factor for streptomycin resistance, mono-drug resistance, and any-drug resistance (RR 4.139, p = 0.023; RR 7.734, p = 0.047; RR 3.733, p = 0.009). Retreatment tuberculosis was a risk factor for resistance to rifampicin, ofloxacin, of levofloxacin (RR 2.984, p = 0.047; RR 4.517, p = 0.038; RR 6.277, p = 0.014). The drug resistance rates of M. tuberculosis to rifampicin and to quinolones in HIV\/AIDS patients were high and have been increasing year by year. Age and a history of previous anti-tuberculosis treatment were the main factors associated with the development of drug resistance in HIV\/AIDS patients with tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T07:55:54Z","timestamp":1713426954000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Trends in and Risk Factors for Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tangkai","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuibao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoqin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinzhong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Professional Committee of HIV Combined with TB, Chinese Association of STD and AIDS Prevention and Control (2022). 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/4\/627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:29:47Z","timestamp":1760106587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/4\/627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v16040627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16040627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]}}}