{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:24:55Z","timestamp":1780982695539,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Woodruff Health Sciences 2020 COVID-19 CURE award","award":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Woodruff Health Sciences 2020 COVID-19 CURE award","award":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Woodruff Health Sciences 2020 COVID-19 CURE award","award":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Imagine, Innovate, and Impact (I3) Team Award Emory University School of Medicine","award":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Imagine, Innovate, and Impact (I3) Team Award Emory University School of Medicine","award":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Imagine, Innovate, and Impact (I3) Team Award Emory University School of Medicine","award":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Center for AIDS Research","award":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1-AI-161570 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Center for AIDS Research","award":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-MH-116695 NIH\/NIAID"]}]},{"name":"Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI-050409 NIH\/NIAID"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most repurposed drugs have proved ineffective for treating COVID-19. We evaluated median effective and toxic concentrations (EC50, CC50) of 49 drugs, mostly from previous clinical trials, in Vero cells. Ratios of reported unbound peak plasma concentrations, (Cmax)\/EC50, were used to predict the potential in vivo efficacy. The 20 drugs with the highest ratios were retested in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells, and their CC50 was determined in an expanded panel of cell lines. Many of the 20 drugs with the highest ratios were inactive in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells. Antivirals effective in controlled clinical trials had unbound Cmax\/EC50 \u2265 6.8 in Calu-3 or Caco-2 cells. EC50 of nucleoside analogs were cell dependent. This approach and earlier availability of more relevant cultures could have reduced the number of unwarranted clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:53:52Z","timestamp":1713779632000},"page":"651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Why Certain Repurposed Drugs Are Unlikely to Be Effective Antivirals to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Selwyn J.","family":"Hurwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramyani","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia C.","family":"LeCher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7472-033X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Downs-Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Ling","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keivan","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"McBrayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Amblard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharmeshkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Bhasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian S.","family":"Dobosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Sukhatme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morningside Center for Innovative and Affordable Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3526-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabindra M.","family":"Tirouvanziam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond F.","family":"Schinazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, November 28). 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