{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:34:55Z","timestamp":1771932895388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) contributes to the significant burden of cancer mortality in the United States (US). Despite highly efficacious antivirals, chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) remains an important cause of HCC. With advancements in therapeutic modalities, along with the aging of the population, we aimed to assess the contribution of CVH in HCC-related mortality in the US between 1999\u20132020. (2) Methods: We queried all deaths related to CVH and HCC in the multiple-causes-of-death files from the CDC Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database between 1999\u20132020. Using the direct method of standardization, we adjusted all mortality information for age and compared the age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) across demographic populations and by percentile rankings of social vulnerability. Temporal shifts in mortality were quantified using log-linear regression models. (3) Results: A total of 35,030 deaths were identified between 1999\u20132020. The overall crude mortality increased from 0.27 in 1999 to 8.32 in 2016, followed by a slight reduction to 7.04 in 2020. The cumulative AAMR during the study period was 4.43 (95% CI, 4.39\u20134.48). Males (AAMR 7.70) had higher mortality rates compared to females (AAMR 1.44). Mortality was higher among Hispanic populations (AAMR 6.72) compared to non-Hispanic populations (AAMR 4.18). Higher mortality was observed in US counties categorized as the most socially vulnerable (AAMR 5.20) compared to counties that are the least socially vulnerable (AAMR 2.53), with social vulnerability accounting for 2.67 excess deaths per 1,000,000 person-years. (4) Conclusions: Our epidemiological analysis revealed an overall increase in CVH-related HCC mortality between 1999\u20132008, followed by a stagnation period until 2020. CVH-related HCC mortality disproportionately affected males, Hispanic populations, and Black\/African American populations, Western US regions, and socially vulnerable counties. These insights can help aid in the development of strategies to target vulnerable patients, focus on preventive efforts, and allocate resources to decrease HCC-related mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T03:57:56Z","timestamp":1714622276000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Longitudinal Analysis of Mortality Related to Chronic Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8595-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. Begum","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8412-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang Nhat","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Mouhaffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramzi","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1211-411X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan","family":"Alsaqa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Gurakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Suite 918, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behnam","family":"Saberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Llovet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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