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Heightened expression of checkpoint inhibitors, notably PD-1, is linked with disease progression and recurrence, indicating its potential as both a prognostic indicator and a target for immunotherapy. Nevertheless, using PD-1 inhibitors has shown limited effectiveness. In a future perspective, understanding the intricate interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses holds promise for pinpointing predictive biomarkers and crafting novel treatment approaches for HBV-associated HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T07:04:14Z","timestamp":1714633454000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Adaptive Immune Response in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is Characterized by Dysfunctional and Exhausted HBV-Specific T Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Malene","family":"Broholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sofie","family":"Mathiasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9594-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1sa Didriksen","family":"Apol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3133-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Weis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.7989","article-title":"Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review","volume":"158","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31288","article-title":"Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"McGlynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-07592-7","article-title":"The silent epidemic killing more people than HIV, malaria or TB","volume":"564","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, December 01). 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