{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:57:18Z","timestamp":1785927438546,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["Project ID 158989968\u2014SFB900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID 158989968\u2014SFB900"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["EXC 2155 \u2018RESIST\u2019\u2014Project ID 390874280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2155 \u2018RESIST\u2019\u2014Project ID 390874280"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["Project ID 158989968\u2014SFB900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID 158989968\u2014SFB900"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["EXC 2155 \u2018RESIST\u2019\u2014Project ID 390874280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2155 \u2018RESIST\u2019\u2014Project ID 390874280"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic Hepatitis B and D Virus (HBV and HDV) co-infection is responsible for the most severe form of viral Hepatitis, the Hepatitis Delta. Despite an efficient vaccine against HBV, the HBV\/HDV infection remains a global health burden. Notably, no efficient curative treatment exists against any of these viruses. While physiologically distinct, HBV and HDV life cycles are closely linked. HDV is a deficient virus that relies on HBV to fulfil is viral cycle. As a result, the cellular response to HDV also influences HBV replication. In vitro studying of HBV and HDV infection and co-infection rely on various cell culture models that differ greatly in terms of biological relevance and amenability to classical virology experiments. Here, we review the various cell culture models available to scientists to decipher HBV and HDV virology and host\u2013pathogen interactions. We discuss their relevance and how they may help address the remaining questions, with one objective in mind: the development of new therapeutic approaches allowing viral clearance in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T07:04:14Z","timestamp":1714633454000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cell Culture Models for Hepatitis B and D Viruses Infection: Old Challenges, New Developments and Future Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6994-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Carpentier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104925","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle","volume":"182","author":"Tsukuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9151-4_2","article-title":"HBV Genome and Life Cycle","volume":"1179","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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