{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T04:07:38Z","timestamp":1793074058703,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanitarian Foundation of the Swiss Red Cross","award":["244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["244"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is the major cause of acute viral hepatitis in several European countries. It is acquired mainly by ingesting contaminated pork, but has also been reported to be transmitted through blood transfusion. Although most HEV infections, including those via blood products, are usually self-limiting, they may become chronic in immunocompromised persons. It is thus essential to identify HEV-infected blood donations to prevent transmission to vulnerable recipients. Aims: Prior to the decision whether to introduce HEV RNA screening for all Swiss blood donations, a 2-year nationwide prevalence study was conducted. Methods: All blood donations were screened in pools of 12\u201324 samples at five regional blood donation services, and HEV RNA-positive pools were subsequently resolved to the individual donation index donation (X). The viral load, HEV IgG and IgM serology, and HEV genotype were determined. Follow-up investigations were conducted on future control donations (X + 1) and previous archived donations of the donor (X \u2212 1) where available. Results: Between October 2018 and September 2020, 541,349 blood donations were screened and 125 confirmed positive donations were identified (prevalence 1:4331 donations). At the time of blood donation, the HEV RNA-positive individuals were symptom-free. The median viral load was 554 IU\/mL (range: 2.01\u20132,500,000 IU\/mL). Men (88; 70%) were more frequently infected than women (37; 30%), as compared with the sex distribution in the Swiss donor population (57% male\/43% female, p &lt; 0.01). Of the 106 genotyped cases (85%), all belonged to genotype 3. Two HEV sub-genotypes predominated; 3h3 (formerly 3s) and 3c. The remaining sub-genotypes are all known to circulate in Europe. Five 3ra genotypes were identified, this being a variant associated with rabbits. In total, 85 (68%) X donations were negative for HEV IgM and IgG. The remaining 40 (32%) were positive for HEV IgG and\/or IgM, and consistent with an active infection. We found no markers of previous HEV in 87 of the 89 available and analyzed archive samples (X \u2212 1). Two donors were HEV IgG-positive in the X \u2212 1 donation suggesting insufficient immunity to prevent HEV reinfection. Time of collection of the 90 (72%) analyzed X + 1 donations varied between 2.9 and 101.9 weeks (median of 35 weeks) after X donation. As expected, none of those tested were positive for HEV RNA. Most donors (89; 99%) were positive for anti-HEV lgG\/lgM (i.e., seroconversion). HEV lgM-positivity (23; 26%) indicates an often-long persistence of lgM antibodies post-HEV infection. Conclusion: The data collected during the first year of the study provided the basis for the decision to establish mandatory HEV RNA universal screening of all Swiss blood donations in minipools, a vital step in providing safer blood for all recipients, especially those who are immunosuppressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T13:20:24Z","timestamp":1715174424000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Swiss Blood Donors 2018\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3142-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Niederhauser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interregional Blood Transfusion SRC, 3008 Berne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease, University of Berne, 3008 Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interregional Blood Transfusion SRC, 3008 Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interregional Blood Transfusion SRC, 3008 Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Amar EL Dusouqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Blood Transfusion Service of the Swiss Red Cross, 3008 Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Mattle-Greminger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Blood Transfusion SRC, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Gottschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Blood Transfusion SRC, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat M.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Blood Transfusion SRC, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001778","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001778","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae 2022","volume":"103","author":"Purdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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