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We characterized chronic\/latent virus infections across their lifespan and investigated their associations with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). Methods: Participants enrolled in the CARMA cohort study were randomly selected to include n = 15 for each decade of age between 0 and &gt;60 y, for each sex, and each HIV status. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and HSV-2 infection were determined serologically; HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) were self-reported. LTLs were measured using monochrome multiplex qPCR. Associations between the number of viruses, LTL, and sociodemographic factors were assessed using ordinal logistic and linear regression modeling. Results: The study included 187 PLWH (105 female\/82 male) and 190 HIV-negative participants (105 female\/84 male), ranging in age from 0.7 to 76.1 years. Living with HIV, being older, and being female were associated with harbouring a greater number of chronic\/latent non-HIV viruses. Having more infections was in turn bivariately associated with a shorter LTL. In multivariable analyses, older age, living with HIV, and the female sex remained independently associated with having more infections, while having 3\u20134 viruses (vs. 0\u20132) was associated with a shorter LTL. Conclusions: Our results suggest that persistent viral infections are more prevalent in PLWH and females, and that these may contribute to immunological aging. Whether this is associated with comorbidities later in life remains an important question.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T09:22:52Z","timestamp":1715332972000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chronic and Latent Viral Infections and Leukocyte Telomere Length across the Lifespan of Female and Male Individuals Living with or without HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nancy Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Y. Y.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber R.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"},{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada"},{"name":"Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabella","family":"Gadawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Sauve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada"},{"name":"Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Bitnun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Brophy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie C. M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada"},{"name":"Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neora","family":"Pick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada"},{"name":"Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Krajden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne C. F.","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CIHR Team on Cellular Aging and HIV Comorbidities in Women and Children (CARMA)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.1.51","article-title":"Changes in the risk of death after HIV seroconversion compared with mortality in the general population","volume":"300","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir627","article-title":"Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population","volume":"53","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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