{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:06:08Z","timestamp":1791849968428,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Research Program of the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology and Kaohsiung Medical University","award":["NPUST-KMU-113-P004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPUST-KMU-113-P004"]}]},{"name":"Joint Research Program of the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology and Kaohsiung Medical University","award":["KMU-TC112B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC112B01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) is an infectious disease linked with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) with severe digestive and neurological symptoms affecting psittacine birds. Despite its detection in 2008, PaBV prevalence in Taiwan remains unexplored. Taiwan is one of the leading psittacine bird breeders; hence, understanding the distribution of PaBV aids preventive measures in controlling spread, early disease recognition, epidemiology, and transmission dynamics. Here, we aimed to detect the prevalence rate of PaBV and assess its genetic variation in Taiwan. Among 124 psittacine birds tested, fifty-seven were PaBV-positive, a prevalence rate of 45.97%. Most of the PaBV infections were adult psittacine birds, with five birds surviving the infection, resulting in a low survival rate (8.77%). A year of parrot bornavirus surveillance presented a seasonal pattern, with peak PaBV infection rates occurring in the spring season (68%) and the least in the summer season (25%), indicating the occurrence of PaBV infections linked to seasonal factors. Histopathology reveals severe meningoencephalitis in the cerebellum and dilated cardiomyopathy of the heart in psittacine birds who suffered from PDD. Three brain samples underwent X\/P gene sequencing, revealing PaBV-2 and PaBV-4 viral genotypes through phylogenetic analyses. This underscores the necessity for ongoing PaBV surveillance and further investigation into its pathophysiology and transmission routes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T03:26:27Z","timestamp":1716261987000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Surveillance of Parrot Bornavirus in Taiwan Captive Psittaciformes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4004-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Disease Control Center of Chiayi County, Chiayi 612, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoang","family":"Minh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0583-4111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chang","family":"Tyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3150-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Pin","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiayi Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Chiayi 600, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Pin","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Companion Animal Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubbenstroth, D. 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PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187797"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/5\/805\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:44:30Z","timestamp":1760107470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/5\/805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v16050805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16050805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]}}}