{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:06Z","timestamp":1760144766338,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences Clinical Lecturer Start-Up","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGL020\\1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGL020\\1006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Newcastle University Master\u2019s in Research (MRes) programme","award":["SGL020\\1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGL020\\1006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are highly prevalent in those ageing with HIV. High-income country data suggest that vascular risk factors (VRFs) may be stronger predictors of HAND than HIV-disease severity, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are lacking. We evaluated relationships of VRFs, vascular end-organ damage and HAND in individuals aged \u2265 50 in Tanzania. c-ART-treated individuals were assessed for HAND using consensus criteria. The prevalence of VRFs and end organ damage markers were measured. The independent associations of VRFs, end organ damage and HAND were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Data were available for 153 individuals (median age 56, 67.3% female). HAND was highly prevalent (66.7%, 25.5% symptomatic) despite well-managed HIV (70.5% virally suppressed). Vascular risk factors included hypertension (34%), obesity (10.5%), hypercholesterolemia (33.3%), diabetes (5.3%) and current smoking (4.6%). End organ damage prevalence ranged from 1.3% (prior myocardial infarction) to 12.5% (left ventricular hypertrophy). Measured VRFs and end organ damage were not independently associated with HAND. The only significant association was lower diastolic BP (p 0.030, OR 0.969 (0.943\u20130.997). Our results suggest that vascular risk factors are not major drivers of HAND in this setting. Further studies should explore alternative aetiologies such as chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T11:03:47Z","timestamp":1716375827000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lack of Association of Vascular Risk Factors with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in cART-Treated Adults Aged \u2265 50 Years in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Flack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma S.","family":"Rainey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Urasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro PO Box 2240, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sengua","family":"Koipapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro PO Box 2240, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh N.","family":"Kalaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Howlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro PO Box 2240, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0817-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeta B.","family":"Mukaetova-Ladinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Behaviour and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7HA, UK"},{"name":"The Evington Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4QF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke C. J.","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro PO Box 2240, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields NE29 8NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields NE29 8NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Dotchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields NE29 8NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Himidi","family":"Mtwaile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, NSK Hospital, Arusha P.O. Box 3114, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas C. D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia G.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J. Q.","family":"McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Makupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Care and Treatment Centre (CTC), Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Moshi, Kilimanjaro P.O Box 3054, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella-Maria","family":"Paddick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead NE8 4YL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2021, July 01). Global HIV & AIDS Statistics\u20132020 Fact Sheet. 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