{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:22:21Z","timestamp":1788225741802,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI137424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AI154737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AI154737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI162691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI162691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF BII 2213854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF BII 2213854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["R01AI137424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137424"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["F31AI154737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AI154737"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["T32AI162691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI162691"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["NSF BII 2213854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF BII 2213854"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne encephalitic virus in Lyme disease-endemic sites in North America. Due to range expansion and local intensification of blacklegged tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) populations in the northeastern and upper midwestern U.S., human encephalitis cases are increasingly being reported. A better understanding of the transmission cycle between POWV and ticks is required in order to better predict and understand their public health burden. Recent phylogeographic analyses of POWV have identified geographical structuring, with well-defined northeastern and midwestern clades of the lineage II subtype. The extent that geographic and genetically defined sublineages differ in their ability to infect and be transmitted by blacklegged ticks is unclear. Accordingly, we determined whether there are strain-dependent differences in the transmission of POWV to ticks at multiple life stages. Five recent, low-passage POWV isolates were used to measure aspects of vector competence, using viremic and artificial infection methods. Infection rates in experimental ticks remained consistent between all five isolates tested, resulting in a 12\u201320% infection rate and some differences in viral load. We confirm that these differences are likely not due to differences in host viremia. Our results demonstrate that blacklegged ticks are susceptible to, and capable of transmitting, all tested strains and suggest that the tick\u2013virus association is stable across diverse viral genotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T11:37:13Z","timestamp":1716464233000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Strain-Dependent Assessment of Powassan Virus Transmission to Ixodes scapularis Ticks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rebekah J.","family":"McMinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily N.","family":"Gallichotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Courtney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam R.","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.629","article-title":"Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Dennis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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