{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:30:04Z","timestamp":1788849004969,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pig farming has become a strategically significant and economically important industry across the globe. It is also a potentially vulnerable sector due to challenges posed by transboundary diseases in which viral infections are at the forefront. Among the porcine viral diseases, African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, swine influenza, and transmissible gastroenteritis are some of the diseases that cause substantial economic losses in the pig industry. It is a well-established fact that vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective strategy to control viral infections in animals. From the period of Jenner and Pasteur to the recent new-generation technology era, the development of vaccines has contributed significantly to reducing the burden of viral infections on animals and humans. Inactivated and modified live viral vaccines provide partial protection against key pathogens. However, there is a need to improve these vaccines to address emerging infections more comprehensively and ensure their safety. The recent reports on new-generation vaccines against swine viruses like DNA, viral-vector-based replicon, chimeric, peptide, plant-made, virus-like particle, and nanoparticle-based vaccines are very encouraging. The current review gathers comprehensive information on the available vaccines and the future perspectives on porcine viral vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T05:36:06Z","timestamp":1716528966000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Our Understanding and Challenges of Viral Vaccines against Swine Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman","family":"Kamboj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaurya","family":"Dumka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mumtesh Kumar","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashpal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0089-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bani Preet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3779-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Severino Jefferson Ribeiro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2024, March 01). World Population to Reach 8 Billion on 15 November 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/desa\/world-population-reach-8-billion-15-november-2022#:~:text=The%20latest%20projections%20by%20the,at%20that%20level%20until%202100."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/263963\/number-of-pigs-worldwide-since-1990\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfaa037","article-title":"The future of the pig industry after the introduction of African swine fever into Asia","volume":"10","author":"Woonwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806068115","article-title":"Global trends in infectious diseases of swine","volume":"115","author":"VanderWaal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.26.1.1724","article-title":"A brief history of vaccines and vaccination","volume":"26","author":"Lombard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654289","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.654289","article-title":"Novel vaccine technologies in veterinary medicine: A herald to human medicine vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Aida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-07","article-title":"Current status of veterinary vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Meeusen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00283","article-title":"Designs of antigen structure and composition for improved protein-based vaccine efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Saylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2012007500142","article-title":"Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies","volume":"45","author":"Nascimento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.07.009","article-title":"Viruses\u2014From pathogens to vaccine carriers","volume":"1","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(03)00135-X","article-title":"DNA vaccine strategies: Candidates for immune modulation and immunization regimens","volume":"31","author":"Haigwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583077","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583077","article-title":"Emerging concepts and technologies in vaccine development","volume":"11","author":"Brisse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"49","article-title":"Recent advances in vaccine delivery","volume":"5","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2668","article-title":"The development of vaccines: How the past led to the future","volume":"9","author":"Plotkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60440-6","article-title":"Vaccine discovery and translation of new vaccine technology","volume":"378","author":"Rappuoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-020-00179-7","article-title":"Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: Where are we headed?","volume":"7","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biori.2017.10.001","article-title":"The development of veterinary vaccines: A review of traditional methods and modern biotechnology approaches","volume":"1","author":"Jorge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elveborg, S., Monteil, V., and Mirazimi, A. (2022). Methods of inactivation of highly pathogenic viruses for molecular, serology or vaccine development purposes. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020271"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sanders, B., Koldijk, M., and Schuitemaker, H. (2015). Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2009.00096.x","article-title":"Diversity of influenza viruses in swine and the emergence of a novel human pandemic influenza A (H1N1)","volume":"3","author":"Webster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9895","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01038-13","article-title":"Efficacy in pigs of inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines against infection and transmission of an emerging H3N2 similar to the 2011\u20132012 H3N2v","volume":"87","author":"Loving","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198118","article-title":"Swine influenza virus: Current status and challenge","volume":"288","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.055","article-title":"Vaccine-associated enhanced disease: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data","volume":"39","author":"Munoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tizard, I.R. (2021). Porcine vaccines. Vaccines Vet., 225\u2013242.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-68299-2.00027-7"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1635","article-title":"Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Lauring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.009","article-title":"Computer-aided codon-pairs deoptimization of the major envelope GP5 gene attenuates porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"450","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.092","article-title":"Live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Current status and future direction","volume":"33","author":"Gourapura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11837","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.23.11837-11844.2002","article-title":"Comparison of molecular and biological characteristics of a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine (ingelvac PRRS MLV), the parent strain of the vaccine (ATCC VR2332), ATCC VR2385, and two recent field isolates of PRRSV","volume":"76","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-6-1263","article-title":"Reversion of a live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine investigated by parallel mutations","volume":"82","author":"Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13555","article-title":"A recombination between two Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-1) vaccine strains has caused severe outbreaks in Danish pigs","volume":"67","author":"Kvisgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae, C. (2021). Commercial PRRS modified-live virus vaccines. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020185"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12630","article-title":"Influenza A virus shedding reduction observed at 12 weeks post-vaccination when newborn pigs are administered live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhao, S., Zhang, H., Qin, Z., Shan, H., and Cai, X. (2023). Vaccines for African swine fever: An update. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1139494"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00669-z","article-title":"Assessment of African swine fever vaccine candidate ASFV-G-\u2206MGF in a reversion to virulence study","volume":"8","author":"Deutschmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.03.022","article-title":"Development of vaccines against African swine fever virus","volume":"265","author":"Revilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, M., de la Torre, A., Dixon, L., Gallardo, C., Jori, F., and Laddomada, A. (2017). Approaches and perspectives for development of African swine fever virus vaccines. Vaccines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040035"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2017.10.002","article-title":"African swine fever virus biology and vaccine approaches","volume":"100","author":"Revilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.10.003","article-title":"Challenges for African swine fever vaccine development\u2014\u201c\u2026 perhaps the end of the beginning.\u201d","volume":"206","author":"Rock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"National Hog Farmer (2022, June 02). Vietnam First to Commercially Produce African Swine Fever Vaccine. Available online: https:\/\/www.nationalhogfarmer.com\/news\/vietnam-first-commercially-produce-african-swine-fever-vaccine."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.040","article-title":"African swine fever virus (ASFV) protection mediated by NH\/P68 and NH\/P68 recombinant live-attenuated viruses","volume":"36","author":"Gallardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.052","article-title":"Protection of European domestic pigs from virulent African isolates of African swine fever virus by experimental immunisation","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01760-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01760-16","article-title":"Simultaneous deletion of the 9GL and UK genes from the African swine fever virus Georgia 2007 isolate offers increased safety and protection against homologous challenge","volume":"91","author":"Risatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01428-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01428-17","article-title":"Deletion of the African swine fever virus gene DP148R does not reduce virus replication in culture but reduces virus virulence in pigs and induces high levels of protection against challenge","volume":"91","author":"Reis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01058-17","article-title":"BA71\u0394CD2: A new recombinant live attenuated African swine fever virus with cross-protective capabilities","volume":"91","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, S., Everett, H., Haines, F., Johns, H., Sosan, O., Salguero, F., Clifford, D., Steinbach, F., Drew, T., and Crooke, H. (2012). Challenge of pigs with classical swine fever viruses after C-strain vaccination reveals remarkably rapid protection and insights into early immunity. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029310"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Recent updates on classical swine fever and its status in India","volume":"11","author":"Kamboj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharma Innov."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR200472","article-title":"Vaccination against classical swine fever virus: Limitations and new strategies","volume":"5","author":"Moennig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.07.033","article-title":"Marker vaccine strategies and candidate CSFV marker vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13293","article-title":"Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas","volume":"66","author":"Coronado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.04.008","article-title":"Vaccination influences the evolution of classical swine fever virus","volume":"25","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-011-0625-5","article-title":"Genetic diversity and positive selection analysis of classical swine fever virus isolates in south China","volume":"43","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, S., Staubach, C., Blome, S., Guberti, V., Thulke, H., Vos, A., Koenen, F., and Le Potier, M. (2015). Controlling of CSFV in European wild boar using oral vaccination: A review. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01141"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.005","article-title":"Oral vaccination of backyard pigs against classical swine fever","volume":"163","author":"Milicevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1597","article-title":"A bread-based lyophilized C-strain CSF virus vaccine as an oral vaccine in pigs","volume":"66","author":"Kunu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazarragchaa, E., Isoda, N., Kim, T., Tetsuo, M., Ito, S., Matsuno, K., and Sakoda, Y. (2021). Efficacy of oral vaccine against classical swine fever in wild boar and estimation of the disease dynamics in the quantitative approach. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020319"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2005.08.006","article-title":"Overview of marker vaccine and differential diagnostic test technology","volume":"33","author":"Henderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR200479","article-title":"Application of DIVA vaccines and their companion diagnostic tests to foreign animal disease eradication","volume":"5","author":"Pasick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.10.006","article-title":"Construction of infectious cDNA clone derived from a classical swine fever virus field isolate in BAC vector using in vitro overlap extension PCR and recombination","volume":"226","author":"Kamboj","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Li, B., Niu, X., Chen, W., Li, Y., Wu, K., Li, X., Ding, H., Zhao, M., and Chen, J. (2022). The development of classical swine fever marker vaccines in recent years. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040603"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronado, L., Perera, C.L., Rios, L., Fr\u00edas, M.T., and P\u00e9rez, L.J. (2021). A critical review about different vaccines against classical swine fever virus and their repercussions in endemic regions. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020154"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0457-y","article-title":"A decade of research into classical swine fever marker vaccine CP7_E2alf (Suvaxyn\u00ae CSF Marker): A review of vaccine properties","volume":"48","author":"Blome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82453-0","article-title":"Virulence, immunogenicity and vaccine properties of a novel chimeric pestivirus","volume":"88","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.018","article-title":"DIVA vaccine properties of the live chimeric pestivirus strain CP7_E2gif","volume":"170","author":"Rangelova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y.L., Yin, D., Xing, G., Huang, Y.M., Fan, C.M., Fan, C.F., Qiu, X.H., Dong, W.R., Yan, Y., and Gu, J.Y. (2022). The Inactivated gE\/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.943707"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.020","article-title":"Replication-defective viruses as vaccines and vaccine vectors","volume":"344","author":"Dudek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2240","article-title":"Viruses as vaccine vectors for infectious diseases and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Draper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00503-y","article-title":"The use of viral vectors in vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"Travieso","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.10.2904","article-title":"Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli","volume":"69","author":"Jackson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, S. (2022). Vaccine Design: Methods and Protocols, Volume 2. Vaccines for Veterinary Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1888-2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2017.12.001","article-title":"Production of recombinant Erns protein of classical swine fever virus and assessment of its enzymatic activity: A recombinant Newcastle disease virus-based approach","volume":"66","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.02.002","article-title":"Recent advances in viral vectors in veterinary vaccinology","volume":"29","author":"Baron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fougeroux, C., and Holst, P. (2017). Future prospects for the development of cost-effective adenovirus vaccines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040686"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.06.001","article-title":"Viral vectors as vaccine carriers","volume":"21","author":"Ertl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440601177780","article-title":"Grey goo on the skin? Nanotechnology, cosmetic and sunscreen safety","volume":"37","author":"Nohynek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000964","article-title":"Protective efficacy of a virus-vectored multi-component vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2 and swine influenza virus","volume":"98","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04425-4","article-title":"Evaluation of surface glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus as immunogens and reagents for serological diagnosis of infections in pigs: A recombinant Newcastle disease virus approach","volume":"164","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198151","article-title":"Classical swine fever virus: The past, present and future","volume":"289","author":"Ganges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0434-5","article-title":"Surface displaying of swine IgG1 Fc enhances baculovirus-vectored vaccine efficacy by facilitating viral complement escape and mammalian cell transduction","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00081","article-title":"Recombinant swinepox virus expressing glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus confers complete protection in pigs upon viral challenge","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201200487","article-title":"Modern subunit vaccines: Development, components, and research opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Moyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00497-5","article-title":"Publisher Correction: A guide to vaccinology: From basic principles to new developments","volume":"21","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00121-2","article-title":"Diva vaccines that reduce virus transmission","volume":"73","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300014082","article-title":"Synthetic peptides and purified antigens as vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, B., and Jeon, C. (2016). High-throughput recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: Current status and future perspectives. Open Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.160196"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2004.02.011","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis as cell factory for pharmaceutical proteins: A biotechnological approach to optimize the host organism","volume":"1694","author":"Westers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2016-0006","article-title":"Prokaryotic expression, purification and antigenicity analysis of African swine fever virus pK205R protein","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.07.028","article-title":"Heterologous expression of full-length capsid protein of porcine circovirus 2 in Escherichia coli and its potential use for detection of antibodies","volume":"162","author":"Marcekova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2019.0047","article-title":"An Escherichia coli-expressed porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus chimeric protein induces a specific immunoglobulin G response in immunized piglets","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2016.0067","article-title":"Orally administrated whole yeast vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induced high levels of IgA response in mice and piglets","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1260795","article-title":"Non-conventional expression systems for the production of vaccine proteins and immunotherapeutic molecules","volume":"13","author":"Legastelois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0512-8","article-title":"S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein as a vaccine antigen","volume":"13","author":"Makadiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0864-8","article-title":"Plasticity of the HEK-293 cells, related to the culture media, as platform to produce a subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus","volume":"9","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.05.013","article-title":"Efficient mucosal vaccination of a novel classical swine fever virus E2-Fc fusion protein mediated by neonatal Fc receptor","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1095","article-title":"Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells","volume":"23","author":"Kost","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cid, R., and Bol\u00edvar, J. (2021). Platforms for production of protein-based vaccines: From classical to next-generation strategies. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081072"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.025","article-title":"A single dose glycoprotein D-based subunit vaccine against pseudorabies virus infection","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"47","article-title":"Construction of a recombinant baculovirus expressing swine hepatitis E Virus ORF2 and preliminary research on its immune effect","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.10.003","article-title":"Glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus expressed by baculovirus induces the protective immune responses in rabbits","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/342076a0","article-title":"Production of antibodies in transgenic plants","volume":"342","author":"Cafferkey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11745","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.11745","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants","volume":"15","author":"Mason","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermij, P. (2006). South African GM label confusion. Nat. Biotechnol., 24.","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1106-1301"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936940","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/936940","article-title":"Farming of plant-based veterinary vaccines and their applications for disease prevention in animals","volume":"2015","author":"Liew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-018-0133-4","article-title":"Development of plant-produced E2 protein for use as a green vaccine against classical swine fever virus","volume":"61","author":"Sohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00624","article-title":"Development of recombinant protein-based vaccine against classical swine fever virus in pigs using transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12986","article-title":"Plant-made E2 glycoprotein single-dose vaccine protects pigs against classical swine fever","volume":"17","author":"Laughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolotilin, I., Kaldis, A., Devriendt, B., Joensuu, J., Cox, E., and Menassa, R. (2012). Production of a subunit vaccine candidate against porcine post-weaning diarrhea in high-biomass transplastomic tobacco. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042405"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12015","article-title":"Oral immunogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigen expressed in transgenic banana","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.01.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunogenicity of a transgenic tobacco plant expressing the recombinant fusion protein of GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in pigs","volume":"140","author":"Chia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.02.001","article-title":"Generation and immunogenicity of transgenic potato expressing the GP5 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"173","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(03)00190-2","article-title":"Making recombinant proteins in animals\u2013different systems, different applications","volume":"21","author":"Dyck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2007.09.014","article-title":"Highly protective E2\u2013CSFV vaccine candidate produced in the mammary gland of adenoviral transduced goats","volume":"133","author":"Toledo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.06.015","article-title":"Early onset and long lasting protection in pigs provided by a classical swine fever E2-vaccine candidate produced in the milk of goats","volume":"133","author":"Barrera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.6.4.591","article-title":"Design and development of synthetic peptide vaccines: Past, present and future","volume":"6","author":"Bijker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forner, M., Ca\u00f1as-Arranz, R., Defaus, S., De Le\u00f3n, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Pulido, M., Ganges, L., Blanco, E., Sobrino, F., and Andreu, D. (2021). Peptide-based vaccines: Foot-and-mouth disease virus, a paradigm in animal health. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050477"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7223","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00401-08","article-title":"Enhanced mucosal immunoglobulin A response and solid protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge induced by a novel dendrimeric peptide","volume":"82","author":"Cubillos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.1292","article-title":"Peptide vaccine candidates against classical swine fever virus: T cell and neutralizing antibody responses of dendrimers displaying E2 and NS2\u20133 epitopes","volume":"17","author":"Tarradas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2432","article-title":"DNA vaccines: Ready for prime time?","volume":"9","author":"Kutzler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.supplement_3.15tac10","article-title":"Antigen presentation and DNA vaccines","volume":"162","author":"Donnelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.044","article-title":"A prime-boost concept using a T-cell epitope-driven DNA vaccine followed by a whole virus vaccine effectively protected pigs in the pandemic H1N1 pig challenge model","volume":"37","author":"Hewitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argilaguet, J.M., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00edn, E., Nofrar\u00edas, M., Gallardo, C., Accensi, F., Lacasta, A., Mora, M., Ballester, M., Galindo-Cardiel, I., and L\u00f3pez-Soria, S. (2012). DNA vaccination partially protects against African swine fever virus lethal challenge in the absence of antibodies. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040942"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.153","article-title":"A DNA vaccine expressing the E2 protein of classical swine fever virus elicits T cell responses that can prime for rapid antibody production and confer total protection upon viral challenge","volume":"23","author":"Ganges","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, F., Cao, Z., Ye, Z., He, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, K., and Ning, P. (2022). Production and immunogenicity of a deoxyribonucleic acid Alphavirus vaccine expressing classical swine fever virus E2-Erns protein and porcine Circovirus Cap-Rep protein. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1065532"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, J., O\u2019Connell, C.M., Costa, A., Pan, Y., Smyth, J.A., Verardi, P.H., Burgess, D.J., Van Kruiningen, H.J., and Garmendia, A.E. (2019). A PRRSV GP5-Mosaic vaccine: Protection of pigs from challenge and ex vivo detection of IFN\u03b3 responses against several genotype 2 strains. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208801"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.02.001","article-title":"Lyophilization provides long-term stability for a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Tomb\u00e1cz, I., Weissman, D., and Pardi, N. (2021). DNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols, Humana."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.01.020","article-title":"mRNA as a transformative technology for vaccine development to control infectious diseases","volume":"27","author":"Maruggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnee, M., Vogel, A., Voss, D., Petsch, B., Baumhof, P., Kramps, T., and Stitz, L. (2016). An mRNA vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein induces protection against lethal infection in mice and correlates of protection in adult and newborn pigs. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004746"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Wubshet, A.K., Zhang, J., Hou, S., Yao, K., Zhao, Q., Dai, J., Liu, Y., Ding, Y., and Zhang, J. (2024). The mRNA Vaccine Expressing Single and Fused Structural Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Induces Strong Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in BalB\/C Mice. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040544"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"2624","article-title":"Preparation and immunogenicity evaluation of mRNA vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chin. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02958-23","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02958-23","article-title":"PEDV-spike-protein-expressing mRNA vaccine protects piglets against PEDV challenge","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384417","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384417","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunogenicity of an mRNA vectored Nipah virus vaccine candidate in pigs","volume":"15","author":"Pedrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950597","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.950597","article-title":"Human dendritic cell targeting peptide can be targeted to porcine dendritic cells to improve antigen capture efficiency to stimulate stronger immune response","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000023","article-title":"Manickam C, Binjawadagi B, Benfield D, Mucosal vaccines to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: A new perspective","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2004.09.005","article-title":"Virosomes for antigen and DNA delivery","volume":"57","author":"Daemen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.005","article-title":"Virosome-based nanovaccines; a promising bioinspiration and biomimetic approach for preventing viral diseases: A review","volume":"182","author":"Asadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-012-9598-4","article-title":"Construction and characterization of virus-like particles: A review","volume":"53","author":"Zeltins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8636","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8636-8643.1998","article-title":"Coronavirus pseudoparticles formed with recombinant M and E proteins induce alpha interferon synthesis by leukocytes","volume":"72","author":"Baudoux","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(13)60440-2","article-title":"The Virosome as a Novel Concept for High Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV) Vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Yoon, J., and Park, J. (2021). Construction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-like particles and its immunogenicity in mice. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040370"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01346-6","article-title":"Generation and immunogenicity assessment of ELPylated virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Zhu, L., Xu, L., Li, F., Deng, H., Huang, Y., Gu, S., Sun, X., Zhou, Y., and Xu, Z. (2022). The construction and immunogenicity analyses of recombinant pseudorabies virus with NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-like particles co-expression. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.846079"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Deng, Z., Lu, Y., Fang, W., and He, F. (2022). A modular and self-adjuvanted multivalent vaccine platform based on porcine circovirus virus-like nanoparticles. J. Nanobiotechnol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01710-4"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.018","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines","volume":"206","author":"Medina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.10.013","article-title":"Mucosal vaccines: Strategies and challenges","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04492-7","article-title":"Recombinant adenovirus carrying a core neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and heat-labile enterotoxin B of Escherichia coli as a mucosal vaccine","volume":"165","author":"Do","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.060","article-title":"An adenovirus vectored mucosal adjuvant augments protection of mice immunized intranasally with an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine","volume":"31","author":"Alejo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007202","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1007202","article-title":"Surface Display of porcine circovirus type 2 antigen protein cap on the spores of bacillus subtilis 168: An effective mucosal vaccine candidate","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(93)90030-B","article-title":"Coronavirus immunogens","volume":"37","author":"Saif","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926279","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.926279","article-title":"Delivery of antigen to porcine dendritic cells by fusing antigen with porcine dendritic cells targeting peptide","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990900","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.990900","article-title":"Mechanism of activation of porcine dendritic cells by an \u03b1-D-glucan nanoparticle adjuvant and a nanoparticle\/poly (I:C) combination adjuvant","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.05.016","article-title":"Effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells and intestinal dendritic cells","volume":"179","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001001","article-title":"Vaccination of sows with a dendritic cell-targeted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein-based candidate vaccine reduced viral shedding but exacerbated gross pathological lesions in suckling neonatal piglets","volume":"99","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.03.023","article-title":"Effects of inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells and intestinal dendritic cells","volume":"106","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0861-7","article-title":"Oral recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine targeting the intestinal microfold cells and dendritic cells for delivering the core neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.10.052","article-title":"Cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain Zhejiang08 provides effective immune protection attributed to dendritic cell stimulation","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer, A., Franzoni, G., Netherton, C., Hartmann, L., Blome, S., and Blohm, U. (2022). Adaptive cellular immunity against African swine fever virus infections. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020274"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00224-07","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infects mature porcine dendritic cells and up-regulates interleukin-10 production","volume":"15","author":"Osorio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.10.005","article-title":"In vivo targeting of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigen through porcine DC-SIGN to dendritic cells elicits antigen-specific CD4T cell immunity in pigs","volume":"32","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.21287","article-title":"Efficacy of bivalent vaccines of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in specific pathogen-free pigs challenged with porcine circovirus type 2d","volume":"23","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19529-2","article-title":"Using a concurrent challenge with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to compare swine vaccination programs","volume":"12","author":"Madapong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00434-15","article-title":"Vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) modified live virus vaccine followed by challenge with PRRS virus and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) protects against PRRS but enhances PCV2 replication and pathogenesis compared to results for nonvaccinated cochallenged controls","volume":"22","author":"Niederwerder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, T., Suh, J., Cho, H., Min, K., Choi, B., and Chae, C. (2022). Efficacy test of a plant-based porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) virus-like particle vaccine against four PCV2 genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e) in pigs. Vet. Microbiol., 272.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109512"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2019.0201","article-title":"Reduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-associated clinical symptoms by virus-like particle vaccine against porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.07.042","article-title":"Bivalent hemagglutinin and neuraminidase influenza replicon particle vaccines protect pigs against influenza a virus without causing vaccine associated enhanced respiratory disease","volume":"40","author":"Brand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Lei, M., Li, Z., Li, H., Liu, Z., He, Q., and Luo, R. (2022). Development of a Genetically Engineered Bivalent Vaccine against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Rotavirus. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081746"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.11.023","article-title":"Evaluation of cross-protection against three topotypes of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs vaccinated with multi-epitope protein vaccine incorporated with poly (I: C)","volume":"168","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02776","article-title":"Reverse vaccinology","volume":"10","author":"Moxon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.03.001","article-title":"Lessons from Reverse Vaccinology for viral vaccine design","volume":"11","author":"Bruno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.101","article-title":"A novel baculovirus vector shows efficient gene delivery of modified porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigens and elicits specific immune response","volume":"31","author":"Karuppannan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Han, M., Ke, H., Du, Y., Zhang, Q., and Yoo, D. (2017). Reverse Genetics of RNA Viruses: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Seibert, B., Cardenas-Garcia, S., Rajao, D., and Perez, D. (2022). Vaccine Technologies for Veterinary Viral Diseases: Methods and Protocols, Springer."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, G., Lee, D., and Lee, C.V. (2022). Development of a next-generation vaccine platform for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using a reverse genetics system. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112319"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.197975","article-title":"Development of the reverse genetics system for emerging atypical porcine pestivirus using in vitro and intracellular transcription systems","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.062","article-title":"Personalized vaccinology: A review","volume":"36","author":"Poland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-51","article-title":"Towards a sane and rational approach to management of Influenza H1N1 2009","volume":"6","author":"Gallaher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Manual, M.M.V. (2023, October 01). Administration of Vaccines in Animals. Available online: https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/pharmacology\/vaccines-and-immunotherapy\/adjuvants-in-animals."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715260","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.715260","article-title":"Intramuscular vs. intradermic needle-free vaccination in piglets: Relevance for animal welfare based on an aversion learning test and vocalizations","volume":"8","author":"Dalmau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, A.Y.A., C\u00f3 Rives, I., and Moore, A. (2023). Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020450"},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"Schat, K. (2014). Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.021","article-title":"Different routes and doses influence protection in pigs immunised with the naturally attenuated African swine fever virus isolate OURT88\/3","volume":"138","author":"Chapman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198045","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control","volume":"286","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Pulendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00053-5","article-title":"Recent advances in veterinary vaccine adjuvants","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.054","article-title":"Adjuvants for swine vaccines: Mechanisms of actions and adjuvant effects","volume":"38","author":"Charerntantanakul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0049","article-title":"Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines","volume":"31","author":"Burakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0712-5","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs","volume":"50","author":"Dhakal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.12.021","article-title":"Emerging vaccine nanotechnology: From defense against infection to sniping cancer","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, A., Titball, R., and Williamson, D. (2013). Vaccine delivery using nanoparticles. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00013"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05177-w","article-title":"Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicine","volume":"166","author":"Fawzy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Nanocarriers, nanovaccines, and nanobacteria as nanobiotechnological concerns in modern vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Gill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00866-8","article-title":"Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"Kirtane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renu, S., Feliciano-Ruiz, N., Ghimire, S., Han, Y., Schrock, J., Dhakal, S., Patil, V., Krakowka, S., and Renukaradhya, G. (2020). Poly (I: C) augments inactivated influenza virus-chitosan nanovaccine induced cell mediated immune response in pigs vaccinated intranasally. Vet. Microbiol., 242.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108611"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.07.001","article-title":"Herd immunity","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir007","article-title":"\u201cHerd immunity\u201d: A rough guide","volume":"52","author":"Fine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2017.10.004","article-title":"Estimating the basic reproductive number during the early stages of an emerging epidemic","volume":"119","author":"Rebuli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"167","article-title":"El n\u00famero reproductivo b\u00e1sico (R0): Consideraciones para su aplicaci\u00f3n en la salud p\u00fablica","volume":"38","author":"Ridenhour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20182160","article-title":"Vaccines: An achievement of civilization, a human right, our health insurance for the future","volume":"216","author":"Rappuoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.26.2.1745","article-title":"Economics of animal vaccination","volume":"26","author":"McLeod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1261","article-title":"Vaccine manufacturing: Challenges and solutions","volume":"24","author":"Ulmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/6\/833\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:47:54Z","timestamp":1760107674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/6\/833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"references-count":199,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v16060833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16060833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]}}}