{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T20:17:35Z","timestamp":1774988255472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as one of the most significant global health crises in recent history. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients have revealed the possibility of immune activity changes contributing to disease severity. Nevertheless, limited information is available regarding the immune response in human lung tissue, which is the primary site of infection. In this study, we conducted an extensive analysis of lung tissue to screen for differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in five individuals who died due to COVID-19 and underwent a rapid autopsy, as well as seven control individuals who died of other causes unrelated to COVID-19. To analyze the host response gene expression, miRNA microarray and Nanostring\u2019s nCounter XT gene expression assay were performed. Our study identified 37 downregulated and 77 upregulated miRNAs in COVID-19 lung biopsy samples compared to the controls. A total of 653 mRNA transcripts were differentially expressed between the two sample types, with most transcripts (472) being downregulated in COVID-19-positive specimens. Hierarchical and PCA K-means clustering analysis showed distinct clustering between COVID-19 and control samples. Enrichment and network analyses revealed differentially expressed genes important for innate immunity and inflammatory response in COVID-19 lung biopsies. The interferon-signaling pathway was highly upregulated in COVID-19 specimens while genes involved in interleukin-17 signaling were downregulated. These findings shed light on the mechanisms of host cellular responses to COVID-19 infection in lung tissues and could help identify new targets for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T10:14:07Z","timestamp":1716804847000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gene Regulatory Network Analysis of Post-Mortem Lungs Unveils Novel Insights into COVID-19 Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Bloomquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashis K.","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Vashisht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Sahajpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenwood Genetic Centre, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimya","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishakha","family":"Vashisht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harmanpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8072-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaspreet","family":"Farmaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-2403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravindra","family":"Kolhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30165-X","article-title":"Understanding pathways to death in patients with COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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