{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:00:18Z","timestamp":1790834418265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seroprevalence of lyssaviruses in certain bat species has been proven in the Republic of Croatia, but there have been no confirmed positive bat brain isolates or human fatalities associated with bat injuries\/bites. The study included a retrospective analysis of bat injuries\/bites, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and geographic distribution of bat injuries in persons examined at the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic, the Croatian Reference Centre for Rabies. In the period 1995\u20132020, we examined a total of 21,910 patients due to animal injuries, of which 71 cases were bat-related (0.32%). Of the above number of patients, 4574 received rabies PEP (20.87%). However, for bat injuries, the proportion of patients receiving PEP was significantly higher: 66 out of 71 patients (92.95%). Of these, 33 received only the rabies vaccine, while the other 33 patients received the vaccine with human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG). In five cases, PEP was not administered, as there was no indication for treatment. Thirty-five of the injured patients were biologists or biology students (49.29%). The bat species was confirmed in only one of the exposure cases. This was a serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus), a known carrier of Lyssavirus\u00a0hamburg. The results showed that the bat bites were rather sporadic compared to other human injuries caused by animal bites. All bat injuries should be treated as if they were caused by a rabid animal, and according to WHO recommendations. People who come into contact with bats should be strongly advised to be vaccinated against rabies. Entering bat habitats should be done with caution and in accordance with current recommendations, and nationwide surveillance should be carried out by competent institutions and in close collaboration between bat experts, epidemiologists and rabies experts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T12:19:46Z","timestamp":1717417186000},"page":"876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bat Bites and Rabies PEP in the Croatian Reference Centre for Rabies 1995\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Radovan","family":"Vodopija","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1559-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Lojki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Rabies and General Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-3371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Hamidovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment and Green Transition, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Boneta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health of Zagreb County, 10290 Zapre\u0161i\u0107, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Primorac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Rabies se ponovno siri Hrvatskom! [Rabies is spreading again in Croatia!]","volume":"100","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lijec. Vjesn."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"159","article-title":"The Rabies in Croatia 1986\u20131992","volume":"25","author":"Brstilo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Stanica"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"199","article-title":"A model of the spatial spread of silvatic rabies on Croatian territory over the period of thirty years","volume":"41","author":"Slavica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Stanica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedekovi\u0107, T., Lohman Jankovi\u0107, I., \u0160imi\u0107, I., Kre\u0161i\u0107, N., Lojki\u0107, I., Su\u010dec, I., Robardet, E., and Cliquet, F. (2018). Control and elimination of rabies in Croatia. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204115"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lojki\u0107, I., \u0160imi\u0107, I., Bedekovi\u0107, T., and Kre\u0161i\u0107, N. (2021). Current Status of Rabies and Its Eradication in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060742"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, February 12). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021\/620. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg_impl\/2021\/620\/oj."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.921570","article-title":"Rabies in Europe: What are the risks?","volume":"12","author":"Cliquet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13005","article-title":"Re-emergence of rabies in Mazowieckie Voivodeship, Poland, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Smreczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, April 26). ADIS: Outbreaks per Disease. Available online: https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023-01\/ad_adns_overview_2022.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, April 26). ADIS: Outbreaks per Disease. Available online: https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023-04\/ad_adns_outbreaks-per-disease_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, November 02). Animal Diseases: International and UK Monitoring, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/animal-diseases-international-monitoring."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Coudeville, L., Lembo, T., Sambo, M., Kieffer, A., Attlan, M., Barrat, J., Blanton, J.D., Briggs, D.J., and Cleaveland, S. (2015). Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003786"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Organisation for Animal Health (2024, February 27). Zero by 30: The Global Strategic Plan to End Human Deaths from Dog-Mediated Rabies by 2030. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/272756."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2021 (2023, April 26). The ICTV Report on Virus Classification and Taxon Nomenclature. Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/report\/chapter\/rhabdoviridae\/rhabdoviridae\/lyssavirus."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echevarr\u00eda, J.E., Banyard, A.C., McElhinney, L.M., and Fooks, A.R. (2019). Current Rabies Vaccines Do Not Confer Protective Immunity against Divergent Lyssaviruses Circulating in Europe. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100892"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, February 16). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data Set]. Zenodo. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/7830771."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-005-6945-2","article-title":"Fossil evidence and the origin of bats","volume":"12","author":"Gunnell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mammal. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyx147","article-title":"How many species of mammals are there?","volume":"99","author":"Burgin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022516-022811","article-title":"Bat biology, genomes, and the Bat1K Project: To generate chromosome-level genomes for all living bat species","volume":"6","author":"Teeling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipley, R., Wright, E., Selden, D., Wu, G., Aegerter, J., Fooks, A.R., and Banyard, A.C. (2019). Bats and Viruses: Emergence of Novel Lyssaviruses and Association of Bats with Viral Zoonoses in the EU. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010031"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3161\/1733-5329(2007)9[347:ECOSRO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Environmental correlates of species richness of European bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)","volume":"9","author":"Ulrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Chiropterol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hamidovi\u0107, D., Josi\u0107, D., Kipson, M., Komeri\u010dki, A., Pintar, V., Rnjak, D., Rnjak, G., Zrn\u010di\u0107, V., Zadravec, M., and \u017dvorc, P. (2023, April 26). Prva Procjena Stanja O\u010duvanosti \u0160i\u0161mi\u0161a\u2014Chiroptera u Republici Hrvatskoj [The First Assessment of the State of Conservation of Bats\u2014Chiroptera in Croatia]. Zagreb. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/article-17-database-habitats-directive-92-43-eec-2."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, May 11). European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), GBIF Helpdesk. INSDC Sequences. Version 1.30. European Nucleotide Archive (EMBL-EBI). Metadata Dataset. Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/occurrence\/4013336823."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, May 15). Council Directive 92\/43\/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. Nature Protection Act (Official Gazette 80\/2013, 80\/2013, 15\/2018, 14\/2019 and 127\/19); Ordinance on Strictly Protected Species (Official Gazette 144\/2013 and 73\/2016). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A31992L0043."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, April 26). EUROBATS.MoP5.Record.Annex5. 5th Session of the Meeting of Parties. Ljubljana, Slovenia, 4\u20136 September 2006. Resolution 5.2 Bats and Rabies in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.eurobats.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/pdf\/Meeting_of_Parties\/MoP5_Record_Annex5_Res5_2_bat_rabies.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, May 11). Official Gazette International Treaties 06\/2000. Act on the Ratification of the International Agreement of the Conservation of the European Bats. Available online: http:\/\/narodne-novine.nn.hr\/clanci\/medunarodni\/2000_05_6_69.html."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.3390\/v6082974","article-title":"Lyssaviruses and bats: Emergence and zoonotic threat","volume":"6","author":"Banyard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613712","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.613712","article-title":"Tackling the Threat of Rabies Reintroduction in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Vega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92336-6","article-title":"Human rabies of bat origin in Europe","volume":"1","author":"Lumio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10481","article-title":"Case report: Isolation of a European bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis","volume":"71","author":"Fooks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mingo-Casas, P., Sandon\u00eds, V., Ob\u00f3n, E., Berciano, J.M., V\u00e1zquez-Mor\u00f3n, S., Juste, J., and Echevarr\u00eda, J.E. (2018). First cases of European bat lyssavirus type 1 in Iberian serotine bats: Implications for the molecular epidemiology of bat rabies in Europe. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006290"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001455","article-title":"Passive surveillance of United Kingdom bats for lyssaviruses (2005\u20132015)","volume":"145","author":"Wise","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.10.005","article-title":"Natural and experimental infection of sheep with European bat lyssavirus type-1 of Danish bat origin","volume":"134","author":"Fooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080637","article-title":"European bat Lyssavirus transmission among cats, Europe","volume":"15","author":"Dacheux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2003.00725.x","article-title":"Spill-over of European bat lyssavirus type 1 into a stone marten (Martes foina) in Germany","volume":"51","author":"Cox","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2023, June 14). Rabies Bulletin Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.who-rabies-bulletin.org\/site-page\/queries."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"ECDC Surveillance Report (2023, April 26). Rabies\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report for 2019. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/AER-rabies-2019_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160imi\u0107, I., Lojki\u0107, I., Kre\u0161i\u0107, N., Cliquet, F., Picard-Meyer, E., Wasniewski, M., \u0106uku\u0161i\u0107, A., Zrn\u010di\u0107, V., and Bedekovi\u0107, T. (2018). Molecular and serological survey of lyssaviruses in Croatian bat populations. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1592-z"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, April 26). WHO Guide for Rabies Pre and Post Exposure Prophylaxis in Humans. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/searo\/india\/health-topic-pdf\/pep-prophylaxis-guideline-15-12-2014.pdf?sfvrsn=8619bec3_2."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001068","article-title":"Isolation, antigenicity and immunogenicity of Lleida bat lyssavirus","volume":"99","author":"Banyard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.015","article-title":"Rabies virus vaccines: Is there a need for a pan-lyssavirus vaccine?","volume":"30","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009523","article-title":"Confidence limits made easy: Interval estimation using a substitution method","volume":"147","author":"Daly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Sahai, H., and Khurshid, A. (1996). Statistics in Epidemiology: Methods, Techniques, and Applications, CRC Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Zrn\u010di\u0107, V., \u017dvorc, P., and Hamidovi\u0107, D. (2019). Monitoring Faune \u0160i\u0161mi\u0161a u \u0160pilji Veternici na Podru\u010dju Parka Prirode Medvednica 2018. Godine [Monitoring of the Bat Fauna in the Veternica Cave in the Medvednica Nature Park in 2018], Hrvatsko Biospeleolo\u0161ko Dru\u0161tvo."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12002","article-title":"Bat rabies surveillance in Europe","volume":"60","author":"Schatz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2017.07.004","article-title":"The Recently Discovered Bokeloh Bat Lyssavirus: Insights into Its Genetic Heterogeneity and Spatial Distribution in Europe and the Population Genetics of Its Primary Host","volume":"99","author":"Eggerbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Godlevska, L., Kruskop, S.V., and Gazaryan, S. (2023, May 09). Eptesicus serotinus (Amended Version of 2020 Assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021; p. e.T85199559A195834153. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/85199559\/195834153."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01533.x","article-title":"Bat rabies, public health and European bat conservation","volume":"60","author":"Racey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Gingera, T. (2023, April 25). \u201cMyotis daubentonii\u201d. Animal Diversity Web. Available online: https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Myotis_daubentonii\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kruskop, S.V., Godlevska, L., B\u00fccs, S., \u00c7oraman, E., and Gazaryan, S. (2023, May 09). Myotis daubentonii (Errata Version Published in 2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020; p. e.T85342710A195858793. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/85342710\/195858793."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7490.491","article-title":"Bat rabies in the United Kingdom","volume":"330","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Piraccini, R. (2023, May 09). Myotis dasycneme. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016; p. e.T14127A22055164. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/14127\/22055164."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leopardi, S., Barneschi, E., Manna, G., Zecchin, B., Priori, P., Drzewniokov\u00e1, P., Festa, F., Lombardo, A., Parca, F., and Scaravelli, D. (2021). Spillover of West Caucasian Bat Lyssavirus (WCBV) in a Domestic Cat and Westward Expansion in the Palearctic Region. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102064"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121071","article-title":"Novel lyssavirus in bat, Spain","volume":"19","author":"Berciano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12535","article-title":"Lleida Bat Lyssavirus isolation in Miniopterus schreibersii in France","volume":"66","author":"Beven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12833","article-title":"Tentative novel lyssavirus in a bat in Finland","volume":"65","author":"Nokireki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvelage, S., Tammiranta, N., Nokireki, T., Gadd, T., Eggerbauer, E., Zaeck, L.M., Potratz, M., Wylezich, C., H\u00f6per, D., and M\u00fcller, T. (2021). Genetic and Antigenetic Characterization of the Novel Kotalahti Bat Lyssavirus (KBLV). Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010069"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Gazaryan, S., B\u00fccs, S., and \u00c7oraman, E. (2023, May 09). Miniopterus schreibersii (Errata Version Published in 2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020; p. e.T81633057A195856522. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/81633057\/195856522."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, P., Newton, J., Agnelli, P., Budinski, I., Di Salvo, I., Flaquer, C., Fulco, A., Georgiakakis, P., Martinoli, A., and Mas, M. (2020). Hydrogen isotopes reveal evidence of migration of Miniopterus schreibersii in Europe. BMC Ecol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12898-020-00321-7"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negredo, A., Palacios, G., V\u00e1zquez-Mor\u00f3n, S., Gonz\u00e1lez, F., Dopazo, H., Molero, F., Juste, J., Quetglas, J., Savji, N., and de la Cruz Mart\u00ednez, M. (2011). Discovery of an ebolavirus-like filovirus in europe. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002304"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29298-1","article-title":"Isolation of infectious Lloviu virus from Schreiber\u2019s bats in Hungary","volume":"13","author":"Kemenesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brni\u0107, D., Lojki\u0107, I., Kre\u0161i\u0107, N., Zrn\u010di\u0107, V., Ru\u017eanovi\u0107, L., Mikuleti\u010d, T., Bosilj, M., Steyer, A., Keros, T., and Habrun, B. (2023). Circulation of SARS-CoV-Related Coronaviruses and Alphacoronaviruses in Bats from Croatia. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040959"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"67E","article-title":"Development of harmonised schemes for monitoring and reporting of rabies in animals in the European Union","volume":"7","author":"Cliquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12672","article-title":"Faeces as a novel material to estimate lyssavirus prevalence in bat populations","volume":"67","author":"Begeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"801","article-title":"Isolation of rabies virus from insectivorous bats in Yugoslavia","volume":"14","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Heneberg, \u0110., Baki\u0107, J., Heneberg, N., Nikoli\u0107, B., Agoli, B., Hronovsky, V., and Dusbasek, F. (1968). Ekolo\u0161ko-medicinska ispitivanja pe\u0107ina dalmatinskog kr\u0161a. Zb. Vojnomed. Akad., 43\u201346."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Meslin, F.X., Kaplan, M.M., and Koprowski, H. (1996). Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"297","article-title":"\u0160i\u0161mi\u0161i biolo\u0161ki rezervoari i potencijalni prijenosnici lyssavirusa","volume":"40","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Stanica"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1086\/598998","article-title":"Bats in the bedroom, bats in the belfry: Reanalysis of the rationale for rabies postexposure prophylaxis","volume":"48","author":"Skowronski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2023, May 09). Bioportal: Stanje O\u010duvanosti Vrsta 2013\u20132018, GIS Preglednik [State of Conservation of Species 2013\u20132018, GIS Browser]. Available online: https:\/\/www.bioportal.hr\/gis\/."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Presetnik, P., Podgorelec, M., Hostnik, P., Rihtari\u010d, D., Toplak, I., and Wernig, J. (2023, May 11). Active Surveillance for Lyssaviruses in Bats Did Not Reveal the Presence of EBLV in Slovenia. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276272508_Sunny_news_from_the_sunny_side_of_the_Alps_Active_surveillance_for_lyssaviruses_in_bats_did_not_reveal_the_presence_of_EBLV_in_Slovenia."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Vranje\u0161, N., Paunovi\u0107, M., Mili\u0107evi\u0107, V., Stankov, S., Karapand\u017ea, B., and Ungurovi\u0107, U. (2023, May 11). Passive and Active Surveillance of Lyssaviruses in Bats in Serbia. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/280012289_Passive_and_active_surveillance_of_lyssaviruses_in_bats_in_Serbia."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"485","article-title":"Current situation of rabies in bats in Hungary","volume":"140","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magy. Allatorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, T.F., Schr\u00f6der, R., Wysocki, P., Mettenleiter, T.C., and Freuling, C.M. (2015). Spatio-Temporal Use of Oral Rabies Vaccines in Fox Rabies Elimination Programmes in Europe. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003953"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab443","article-title":"First Case of Lethal Encephalitis in Western Europe Due to European Bat Lyssavirus Type 1","volume":"74","author":"Regnault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/6\/876\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:50:40Z","timestamp":1760107840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/6\/876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v16060876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16060876","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]}}}