{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:27:28Z","timestamp":1789756048559,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32202774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202774"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32072854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072854"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A2060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2060"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TD2023C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD2023C007"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32202774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202774"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32072854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072854"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A2060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2060"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TD2023C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD2023C007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T07:39:49Z","timestamp":1717486789000},"page":"913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shengmei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0834-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanhao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7136-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua-Ji","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90241-9","article-title":"Genetic variation of African swine fever virus: Variable regions near the ends of the viral DNA","volume":"173","author":"Blasco","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/2211071a0","article-title":"African swine fever 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