{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:39Z","timestamp":1760144979045,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation"},{"name":"Finnish Medical Foundation"},{"name":"Foundation for Pediatric Research"},{"name":"Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas foundation"},{"name":"Life and Health Medical Support Association"},{"name":"Paulo Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheezing children infected with rhinovirus (RV) have a markedly increased risk of subsequently developing recurrencies and asthma. No previous studies have assessed the association between cytokine response and the severity of acute illness in the first wheezing episode in children infected with RV. Forty-seven children treated both as inpatients and as outpatients infected with RV only, aged 3\u201323 months, with severe first wheezing episodes were recruited. During acute illness, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with anti-CD3\/anti-CD28 in vitro. A multiplex ELISA was used to quantitatively identify 56 different cytokines. The mean age of the children was 17 months, 74% were males, 79% were hospitalized, and 33% were sensitized. In adjusted analyses, the inpatient group was characterized by decreased expressions of interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin 10 (IL-10), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1\u03b1), RANTES (CCL5), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and an increased expression of ENA-78 (CXCL5) compared to the outpatient group. The cytokine response profiles from the PBMCs were different between the inpatient and outpatient groups. Our results support that firmly controlled interplay between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses are required during acute viral infection to absolve the initial infection leading, to less severe illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T08:05:17Z","timestamp":1717747517000},"page":"924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disease Severity and Cytokine Expression in the Rhinovirus-Induced First Wheezing Episode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9748-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pekka","family":"Hurme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miisa","family":"K\u00e4hk\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"R\u00fcckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Z\u00fcrich, Christine K\u00fchne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), 7265 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tero","family":"Vahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Turunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"New Children\u2019s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tytti","family":"Vuorinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00fcbeccel","family":"Akdis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Z\u00fcrich, Christine K\u00fchne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), 7265 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cezmi A.","family":"Akdis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Z\u00fcrich, Christine K\u00fchne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), 7265 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuomas","family":"Jartti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13624","article-title":"Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments","volume":"74","author":"Jartti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Eur. 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