{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:44:05Z","timestamp":1791499445594,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2662022DKQD003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662022DKQD003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) presents a significant threat to the global swine industry. The development of highly effective subunit nanovaccines is a promising strategy for preventing PRRSV variant infections. In this study, two different types of ferritin (Ft) nanovaccines targeting the major glycoprotein GP5, named GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft, were constructed and evaluated as vaccine candidates for PRRSV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated that both purified GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft proteins could self-assemble into nanospheres. A comparison of the immunogenicity of GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft with an inactivated PRRSV vaccine in BALB\/c mice revealed that mice immunized with GP5m-Ft exhibited the highest ELISA antibody levels, neutralizing antibody titers, the lymphocyte proliferation index, and IFN-\u03b3 levels. Furthermore, vaccination with the GP5m-Ft nanoparticle effectively protected piglets against a highly pathogenic PRRSV challenge. These findings suggest that GP5m-Ft is a promising vaccine candidate for controlling PRRS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T11:10:28Z","timestamp":1718968228000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development of a Ferritin Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine with PRRSV GP5 Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinjian","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanrong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0023-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaobo","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1406-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liurong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-017-1516-1","article-title":"Genomic analysis of a recombinant NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.07.016","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in China","volume":"154","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0910-6","article-title":"The prevalent status and genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China: A molecular epidemiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Q., Zheng, Y., He, Y., Li, G., Zhang, H., Sha, H., Zhang, Z., Huang, L., and Zhao, M. (2023). Genetic variation and recombination analysis of the GP5 (GP5a) gene of PRRSV-2 strains in China from 1996 to 2022. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1238766"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-024-00356-y","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in commercial fattening pig farms in China","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12852","article-title":"A natural recombinant PRRSV between HP-PRRSV JXA1-like and NADC30-like strains","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.02.013","article-title":"The epidemic status and genetic diversity of 14 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) isolates from China in 2009","volume":"150","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1099-1","article-title":"Efficacy of Fostera\u00ae PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccination strategy against a Thai highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) infection","volume":"48","author":"Charoenchanikran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.001","article-title":"Carbopol improves the early cellular immune responses induced by the modified-life vaccine Ingelvac PRRS\u00ae MLV","volume":"176","author":"Mair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.12.010","article-title":"Comparison of four commercial PRRSV MLV vaccines in herds with co-circulation of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2","volume":"63","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-015-9861-6","article-title":"The Cholera Toxin B Subunit (CTB) Fused to the Porcine Arterivirus Matrix M and GP5 Envelope Proteins Fails to Enhance the GP5-Specific Antibody Response in Pigs Immunized with Adenovectors","volume":"57","author":"Roques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.01.059","article-title":"Immunogenicity study of plant-made oral subunit vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.04.013","article-title":"Function of PRRSV GP5 envelope protein by using pseudotyped virus","volume":"138","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.07.029","article-title":"The structural biology of PRRSV","volume":"154","author":"Dokland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4241-4250.2002","article-title":"Identification of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 ectodomain","volume":"76","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.07.027","article-title":"Expression of antigenic epitopes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a modified live-attenuated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine virus (PCV1-2a) as a potential bivalent vaccine against both PCV2 and PRRSV","volume":"210","author":"Kenney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2014.0041","article-title":"Immune response to Fc tagged GP5 glycoproteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-17","article-title":"Immunogenic and protective properties of GP5 and M structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expressed from replicating but nondisseminating adenovectors","volume":"44","author":"Roques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.007","article-title":"The immunogenicity of DNA constructs co-expressing GP5 and M proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus conjugated by GPGP linker in pigs","volume":"146","author":"Chia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.03.028","article-title":"DNA vaccination of pigs with open reading frame 1-7 of PRRS virus","volume":"22","author":"Barfoed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.10.007","article-title":"Immunization with a recombinant fusion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modified GP5 and ferritin elicits enhanced protective immunity in pigs","volume":"552","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.-C., Kim, M.-S., Choi, H.-Y., Kang, Y.-L., Choi, I.-Y., Jung, S.-W., Jeong, J.-Y., Kim, M.-C., Cho, A.Y., and Lee, J.-H. (2023). Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Engineered by Serine Substitution on the 44th Amino Acid of GP5 Resulted in a Potential Vaccine Candidate with the Ability to Produce High Levels of Neutralizing Antibody. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10030191"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0583","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of commercial and prototype PRRS subunit vaccines against an HP-PRRSV challenge","volume":"80","author":"Duy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-007-0161-5","article-title":"Co-expressing GP5 and M proteins under different promoters in recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (rMVA)-based vaccine vector enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, D., Song, L., Zhai, X., Geng, S., Pan, Z., and Jiao, X. (2015). A porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine candidate based on the fusion protein of PRRSV glycoprotein 5 and the Toll-like Receptor-5 agonist Salmonella Typhimurium FljB. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0439-0"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(94)80017-0","article-title":"Development of high potency universal DR-restricted helper epitopes by modification of high affinity DR-blocking peptides","volume":"1","author":"Alexander","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M.Q., Alves, P.M., and Rold\u00e3o, A. (2021). Functionalizing Ferritin Nanoparticles for Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101621"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00859-0","article-title":"Ferritin\u2014A multifaceted protein scaffold for biotherapeutics","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.02.042","article-title":"Ferritin-based drug delivery systems: Hybrid nanocarriers for vascular immunotargeting","volume":"282","author":"Khoshnejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Cui, K., Wang, H., Liu, F., Huang, K., Duan, Z., Wang, F., Shi, D., and Liu, Q. (2019). A milk-based self-assemble rotavirus VP6-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine elicited protection against the viral infection. J. Nanobiotechnol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-019-0446-6"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Song, H., Li, J., Liu, X., Gao, X., Wu, T., Zhang, Z., and Li, Y. (2022). Expression and Evaluation of a Novel PPRV Nanoparticle Antigen Based on Ferritin Self-Assembling Technology. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091902"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2023-0001","article-title":"Ferritin-based nanomedicine for disease treatment","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836274","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.836274","article-title":"R848 Adjuvant Laden with Self-Assembled Nanoparticle-Based mRNA Vaccine Elicits Protective Immunity Against H5N1 in Mice","volume":"13","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Li, H., Fang, K., Chen, H., Li, X., and Qian, P. (2021). A Self-Assembling Ferritin Nanoplatform for Designing Classical Swine Fever Vaccine: Elicitation of Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Vaccine, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010045"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Liu, Z., Tong, X., Wang, Z., Xu, S., Chen, Q., Zhou, J., Fang, L., Wang, D., and Xiao, S. (2021). Evolutionary Dynamics of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus by Whole-Genome Analysis. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122469"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.098","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 protein encoded by a synthetic ORF5 gene","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvp200","article-title":"Upregulation of a non-heme iron-containing ferritin with dual ferroxidase and DNA-binding activities in Helicobacter pylori under acid stress","volume":"147","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.057","article-title":"A recombinant plasmid co-expressing swine ubiquitin and the GP5 encoding-gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces protective immunity in piglets","volume":"26","author":"Hou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.12.003","article-title":"Recombination analyses between two strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vivo","volume":"155","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, J., O\u2019Connell, C.M., Costa, A., Pan, Y., Smyth, J.A., Verardi, P.H., Burgess, D.J., Van Kruiningen, H.J., and Garmendia, A.E. (2019). A PRRSV GP5-Mosaic vaccine: Protection of pigs from challenge and ex vivo detection of IFN\u03b3 responses against several genotype 2 strains. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208801"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18103","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18103","article-title":"Epitope screening and vaccine molecule design of PRRSV GP3 and GP5 protein based on immunoinformatics","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.12.049","article-title":"DNA vaccines co-expressing GP5 and M proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) display enhanced immunogenicity","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, L., Yu, Z., Pang, F., Xu, X., Mao, A., Yuan, W., He, K., and Li, B. (2018). Targeted Delivery of GP5 Antigen of PRRSV to M Cells Enhances the Antigen-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00007"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8661-2","article-title":"Immunogenicity of recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines co-expressing GP3\/GP5 of European PRRSV and Cap protein of PCV2 in pigs","volume":"102","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.04.016","article-title":"Enhanced immune responses of mice inoculated recombinant adenoviruses expressing GP5 by fusion with GP3 and\/or GP4 of PRRS virus","volume":"136","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Hern\u00e1ndez, S., Ugidos-Damboriena, N., and L\u00f3pez-Sagaseta, J. (2022). Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles in the Design of Vaccines: 2022 Update. Vaccine, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091447"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00230-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00230-21","article-title":"Development of Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Candidate against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Ferrets","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00192","article-title":"Two-Component Ferritin Nanoparticles for Multimerization of Diverse Trimeric Antigens","volume":"4","author":"Georgiev","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, A.A., Yang, Z., Gnanapragasam, P.N.P., Ou, S., Dam, K.-M.A., Wang, H., and Bjorkman, P.J. (2021). Construction, characterization, and immunization of nanoparticles that display a diverse array of influenza HA trimers. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247963"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Li, S., Qiao, Y., Fu, Y., Nie, J., Jiang, S., Yao, X., Pan, Y., Zhao, L., and Wu, C. (2022). Self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles coupled with linear sequences from canine distemper virus haemagglutinin protein elicit robust immune responses. J. Nanobiotechnol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01229-0"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0210-4","article-title":"Presenting native-like HIV-1 envelope trimers on ferritin nanoparticles improves their immunogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Sliepen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-02944-8","article-title":"Recombinant ferritin nanoparticles can induce dendritic cell maturation through TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"42","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00643-6","article-title":"Ferritin nanoparticle-based SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine induces a persistent antibody response and long-term memory in mice","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0049","article-title":"Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines","volume":"31","author":"Burakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2020033273","article-title":"Nanoparticles as Adjuvants in Vaccine Delivery","volume":"37","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00924-7","article-title":"Development of vaccine formulations: Past, present, and future","volume":"11","author":"Fontana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl. Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/6\/991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:01:28Z","timestamp":1760108488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/6\/991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v16060991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16060991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}