{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:38:44Z","timestamp":1779248324783,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["FOOD\/2016\/379-660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOOD\/2016\/379-660"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to around 800,000 deaths yearly and is considered to be a major public health problem worldwide. However, HBV origins remain poorly understood. Here, we looked for bat HBV (BtHBV) in different bat species in Gabon to investigate the role of these animals as carriers of ancestral hepadnaviruses because these viruses are much more diverse in bats than in other host species. DNA was extracted from 859 bat livers belonging to 11 species collected in caves and villages in the southeast of Gabon and analyzed using PCRs targeting the surface gene. Positive samples were sequenced using the Sanger method. BtHBV DNA was detected in 64 (7.4%) individuals belonging to eight species mainly collected in caves. Thirty-six (36) sequences among the 37 obtained after sequencing were phylogenetically close to the RBHBV strain recently isolated in Gabonese bats, while the remaining sequence was close to a rodent HBV strain isolated in America. The generalized linear mixed model showed that the variable species best explained the occurrence of BtHBV infection in bats. The discovery of a BtHBV strain homologous to a rodent strain in bats raises the possibility that these animals may be carriers of ancestral hepadnaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T10:10:07Z","timestamp":1719310207000},"page":"1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Bat Hepatitis B Viruses in Bat Species Living in Gabon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0941-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle S.","family":"Koumba Mavoungou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Emergence des Maladies Virales, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Bohou Kombila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Emergence des Maladies Virales, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil M.","family":"Longo Pendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Ecologie des Syst\u00e8mes Vectoriels, D\u00e9partement de parasitologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Schedy E.","family":"Koumba Moukouama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Emergence des Maladies Virales, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia Etenna","family":"Lekana-Douki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Emergence des Maladies Virales, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ga\u00ebl D.","family":"Maganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Emergence des Maladies Virales, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"},{"name":"Institut National Sup\u00e9rieur d\u2019Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville BP 941, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric M.","family":"Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, \u00c9cologie, G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, \u00c9volution et Contr\u00f4le (MIVEGEC), (Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS5290), 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avelin F.","family":"Aghokeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, \u00c9cologie, G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, \u00c9volution et Contr\u00f4le (MIVEGEC), (Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS5290), 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"N\u2019dilimabaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Emergence des Maladies Virales, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville BP 901, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, July 04). 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