{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:39:38Z","timestamp":1790714378489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U funding within the MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the transmission of viruses from wildlife to humans has raised significant public health concerns, exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Human activities play a substantial role in increasing the risk of zoonotic virus transmission from wildlife to humans. Rats and mice are prevalent in urban environments and may act as reservoirs for various pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of zoonotic viruses in wild rats and mice in both urban and rural areas, focusing on well-known zoonotic viruses such as betacoronavirus, hantavirus, arenavirus, kobuvirus, and monkeypox virus, along with other viruses occasionally detected in rats and mice, including rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus, which are known to infect humans at a high rate. A total of 128 animals were captured, including 70 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), 45 black rats (Rattus rattus), and 13 house mice (Mus musculus), and feces, lung, and liver were collected. Among brown rats, one fecal sample tested positive for astrovirus RNA. Nucleotide sequencing revealed high sequence similarity to both human and rat astrovirus, suggesting co-presence of these viruses in the feces. Murine kobuvirus (MuKV) was detected in fecal samples from both black (n = 7) and brown (n = 6) rats, primarily from urban areas, as confirmed by sequence analysis. These findings highlight the importance of surveillance and research to understand and mitigate the risks associated with the potential transmission of pathogens by rodents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T11:19:02Z","timestamp":1719487142000},"page":"1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploring the Potential of Muridae as Sentinels for Human and Zoonotic Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Di Bartolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"De Sabato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8053-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ianiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Vaccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7378-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo Maria","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1122-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Ostanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Monini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, M.M., Turku, S., Lehrfield, L., and Shoman, A. (2023). The Impact of Human Activities on Zoonotic Infection Transmissions. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101646"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02930-6","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections in children due to emerging and re-emerging neurotropic viruses","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyx147","article-title":"How many species of mammals are there?","volume":"99","author":"Burgin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahmana, H., Granjon, L., Diagne, C., Davoust, B., Fenollar, F., and Mediannikov, O. (2020). Rodents as Hosts of Pathogens and Related Zoonotic Disease Risk. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030202"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2562-8","article-title":"Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems","volume":"584","author":"Gibb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190486","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0486-2019","article-title":"Synanthropic rodents as virus reservoirs and transmitters","volume":"53","author":"Gravinatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lenoch, J., Kohler, D., DeLiberto, T.J., Tang, C.Y., Li, T., Tao, Y.J., Guan, M., Compton, S., and Zeiss, C. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from New York City. mBio, 14.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03621-22"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10293-4","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in an Algerian mouse (Mus spretus) in Portugal","volume":"48","author":"Moraes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villabruna, N., Koopmans, M.P.G., and de Graaf, M. (2019). Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050478"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, E.P., Spruill-Harrell, B.M., Taylor, M.K., Lee, J., Nywening, A.V., Yang, Z., Nichols, J.H., Camp, J.V., Owen, R.D., and Jonsson, C.B. (2021). Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081509"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camp, J.V., Desvars-Larrive, A., Nowotny, N., and Walzer, C. (2022). Monitoring Urban Zoonotic Virus Activity: Are City Rats a Promising Surveillance Tool for Emerging Viruses?. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071516"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"823","article-title":"Detection of Rat Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs, Spain, 2023","volume":"30","author":"Gonzalvez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.008","article-title":"Orthohepevirus C hepatitis, an underdiagnosed disease?","volume":"79","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.6.15197","article-title":"Human pathogenic hantaviruses and prevention of infection","volume":"7","author":"Kruger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00774-6","article-title":"Hantavirus infections in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Vapalahti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1196-3","article-title":"Seoul hantavirus in Europe: First demonstration of the virus genome in wild Rattus norvegicus captured in France","volume":"23","author":"Heyman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2023). Hantavirus infection. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-32","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of Seoul virus from commensal brown rats in France","volume":"11","author":"Dupinay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20415","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.09.20415-en","article-title":"Pet rats as a source of hantavirus in England and Wales, 2013","volume":"18","author":"Jameson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23321","article-title":"Genetic characterization of seoul hantavirus originated from norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured in Belgium","volume":"84","author":"Plyusnina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"27215","article-title":"First evidence of Seoul hantavirus in the wild rat population in the Netherlands","volume":"5","author":"Lohmus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honig, V., Kamis, J., Marsikova, A., Matejkova, T., Stopka, P., Macova, A., Ruzek, D., and Kvicerova, J. (2022). Orthohantaviruses in Reservoir and Atypical Hosts in the Czech Republic: Spillover Infection and Indication of Virus-Specific Tissue Tropism. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01306-22"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2710.211298","article-title":"Seoul Virus Associated with Pet Rats, Scotland, UK, 2019","volume":"27","author":"Shepherd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.160927","article-title":"Seoul Virus Infection in Humans, France, 2014\u20132016","volume":"23","author":"Reynes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020524","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against hantaviruses in serum and saliva of adults living or working on farms in Yorkshire, United Kingdom","volume":"6","author":"Jameson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805005431","article-title":"Hantavirus and arenavirus antibody prevalence in rodents and humans in Trentino, Northern Italy","volume":"134","author":"Laakkonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Marchino, M., Sparasci, O.A., Garcia-Vozmediano, A., Ceballos, L., Ru, G., Robetto, S., Orusa, R., MIceli, I., Baioni, E., and Braghin, S. (, January MAY). First evidence of hantaviruses circulation in rodents host (Mus domesticus) on farms in Piedmont, Northwestern Italy, in a One Health approach. Proceedings of the Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.027","article-title":"Zoonotic aspects of arenavirus infections","volume":"140","author":"Charrel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). WHO Director-General Declares the Ongoing Monkeypox Outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, WHO."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109382","article-title":"Monkeypox infection: The past, present, and future","volume":"113","author":"Upadhayay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decaro, N., and Lorusso, A. (2020). Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses. Vet. Microbiol., 244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108693"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2018.01.001","article-title":"Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses","volume":"100","author":"Corman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montagutelli, X., Prot, M., Levillayer, L., Salazar, E.B., Jouvion, G., Conquet, L., Beretta, M., Donati, F., Albert, M., and Gambaro, F. (bioRxiv, 2021). Variants with the N501Y mutation extend SARS-CoV-2 host range to mice, with contact transmission, bioRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.18.436013"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-014-0200-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of human and animal kobuviruses","volume":"25","author":"Khamrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, F.F., Zhang, M.Y., He, H., He, W.Q., Li, Y.Z., and Chen, Q. (2020). Kobuviruses carried by Rattus norvegicus in Guangdong, China. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01767-x"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.06.001","article-title":"Molecular detection of kobuvirus sequences in stool samples collected from healthy pigs in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Khamrin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz Alarcon, R.G., Liotta, D.J., and Mino, S. (2022). Zoonotic RVA: State of the Art and Distribution in the Animal World. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112554"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648406","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/648406","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of group a rotavirus in Swine and rat on a pig farm in Brazil","volume":"2013","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.04.017","article-title":"Identification of novel and diverse rotaviruses in rodents and insectivores, and evidence of cross-species transmission into humans","volume":"494","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucero, Y., Matson, D.O., Ashkenazi, S., George, S., and O'Ryan, M. (2021). Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122399"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12461","article-title":"Human noroviruses in the faeces of wild birds and rodents-new potential transmission routes","volume":"65","author":"Summa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1646-2","article-title":"The simultaneous occurrence of human norovirus and hepatitis E virus in a Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus)","volume":"158","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.12.004","article-title":"Viral gastroenteritis among children of 0\u20135 years in Nigeria: Characterization of the first Nigerian aichivirus, recombinant noroviruses and detection of a zoonotic astrovirus","volume":"111","author":"Japhet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100218","article-title":"Genetic diversity and expanded host range of astroviruses detected in small mammals in Singapore","volume":"12","author":"Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niendorf, S., Harms, D., Hellendahl, K.F., Heuser, E., Bottcher, S., Bock, C.T., and Ulrich, R.G. (2021). Presence and Diversity of Different Enteric Viruses in Wild Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13060992"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.022764-0","article-title":"Detection of novel astroviruses in urban brown rats and previously known astroviruses in humans","volume":"91","author":"Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12948","article-title":"Molecular survey of HEV infection in wild boar population in Italy","volume":"65","author":"Ostanello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000045","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR","volume":"25","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holbrook, M.G., Anthony, S.J., Navarrete-Macias, I., Bestebroer, T., Munster, V.J., and van Doremalen, N. (2021). Updated and Validated Pan-Coronavirus PCR Assay to Detect All Coronavirus Genera. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040599"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.051487","article-title":"Hantavirus in African wood mouse, Guinea","volume":"12","author":"Klempa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2901.221311","article-title":"Detection of Monkeypox Virus DNA in Airport Wastewater, Rome, Italy","volume":"29","author":"Mancini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01428-07","article-title":"Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR: Different behaviors of genogroups I and II","volume":"73","author":"Parnaudeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02305-06","article-title":"Etiological role of viruses in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005","volume":"45","author":"Svraka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1548-1557.2003","article-title":"Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR","volume":"41","author":"Kageyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.08.023","article-title":"Real-time RT-PCR for norovirus screening in shellfish","volume":"123","author":"Loisy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.09.025","article-title":"Broadly reactive TaqMan assay for real-time RT-PCR detection of rotavirus in clinical and environmental samples","volume":"155","author":"Jothikumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.11.026","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel arenavirus harbored by Rodents and Shrews in Zhejiang province, China","volume":"476","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081427","article-title":"Bovine kobuvirus in europe","volume":"15","author":"Reuter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3890-3894.2005","article-title":"Use of a heminested reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of astrovirus in environmental swabs from an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a pediatric primary immunodeficiency unit","volume":"43","author":"Gallimore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.4.797-801.1995","article-title":"Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay and nucleotide sequencing","volume":"33","author":"Noel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3201\/1503.081213","article-title":"Detection of newly described astrovirus MLB1 in stool samples from children","volume":"15","author":"Finkbeiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu531","article-title":"AliView: A fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets","volume":"30","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000766","article-title":"High prevalence of four novel astrovirus genotype species identified from rodents in China","volume":"98","author":"To","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.12129","article-title":"Hantavirus infections in the South-Eastern European countries: A study of two cases and literature review","volume":"26","author":"Lupusoru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Ricco, M., Peruzzi, S., Ranzieri, S., Balzarini, F., Valente, M., Marchesi, F., and Bragazzi, N.L. (2021). Hantavirus infections in Italy: Not reported doesn't mean inexistent. Acta Biomed., 92."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05804-8","article-title":"A novel mammarenavirus (family Arenaviridae) in hedgehogs (Erinaceus roumanicus) in Europe","volume":"168","author":"Reuter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Savic, V., Ferenc, T., Mrzljak, A., Barbic, L., Bogdanic, M., Stevanovic, V., Tabain, I., Ferencak, I., and Zidovec-Lepej, S. (2021). Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis-Emerging Trends of a Neglected Virus: A Narrative Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020088"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.01524","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in wild rodents, northern Italy","volume":"15","author":"Tagliapietra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2409.171283","article-title":"Novel Orthopoxvirus and Lethal Disease in Cat, Italy","volume":"24","author":"Lanave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gierynska, M., Szulc-Dabrowska, L., Struzik, J., Gregorczyk-Zboroch, K.P., Mielcarska, M.B., Toka, F.N., Schollenberger, A., and Biernacka, Z. (2023). Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses-Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030363"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gir\u00f3n-Guzm\u00e1n, I., D\u00edaz-Reolid, A., Truchado, P., Carcereny, A., Garcia-Pedemonte, D., Hernaez, B., Bosch, A., Pint\u00f3, R.M., Guix, S., and Allende, A. (2022). Wastewater based epidemiology beyond SARS-CoV-2: Spanish wastewater reveals the current spread of Monkeypox virus. medRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.19.22280084"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158265","article-title":"The detection of monkeypox virus DNA in wastewater samples in the Netherlands","volume":"852","author":"Peterse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Env."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14219","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Antwerp sewer system, Belgium","volume":"69","author":"Colombo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217940","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2217940","article-title":"The ecology of viruses in urban rodents with a focus on SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.04.211","article-title":"Virological investigation in synanthropic rodents in North Italy","volume":"130","author":"Trogu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.014282-0","article-title":"Rat respiratory coronavirus infection: Replication in airway and alveolar epithelial cells and the innate immune response","volume":"90","author":"Funk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001899","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Human Astrovirus in Children With Gastroenteritis, Northern Italy","volume":"37","author":"Bergallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111748","article-title":"A potential risk assessment tool to monitor pathogens circulation in coastal waters","volume":"200","author":"Cioffi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104942","article-title":"Genome characterization, prevalence and tissue distribution of astrovirus, hepevirus and norovirus among wild and laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus) in Hungary","volume":"93","author":"Pankovics","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuczera, K., Orlowska, A., Smreczak, M., Frant, M., Trebas, P., and Rola, J. (2024). Prevalence of Astroviruses in Different Animal Species in Poland. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010080"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1089171","article-title":"Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: Surveillance and control","volume":"13","author":"Doro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.06.008","article-title":"Detection of uncommon G3P[3] rotavirus A (RVA) strain in rat possessing a human RVA-like VP6 and a novel NSP2 genotype","volume":"53","author":"Ianiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.070029-0","article-title":"Metagenomic identification of novel enteric viruses in urban wild rats and genome characterization of a group A rotavirus","volume":"95","author":"Sachsenroder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01933-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01933-14","article-title":"Detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal Rattus norvegicus in New York City","volume":"5","author":"Firth","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3164-5","article-title":"Extra-intestinal detection of canine kobuvirus in a puppy from Southern Brazil","volume":"162","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.103988","article-title":"Diverse picornaviruses are prevalent among free-living and laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Hungary and can cause disseminated infections","volume":"75","author":"Boros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfano, F., Lucibelli, M.G., Serra, F., Levante, M., Rea, S., Gallo, A., Petrucci, F., Pucciarelli, A., Picazio, G., and Monini, M. (2024). Identification of Aichivirus in a Pet Rat (Rattus norvegicus) in Italy. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14121765"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., He, W., Fu, J., Li, Y., He, H., and Chen, Q. (2022). Epidemiological Evidence for Fecal-Oral Transmission of Murine Kobuvirus. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.865605"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400748t","article-title":"Comparative Physiology of Mice and Rats: Radiometric Measurement of Vascular Parameters in Rodent Tissues","volume":"11","author":"Boswell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00923-8","article-title":"Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/7\/1041\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:06:36Z","timestamp":1760108796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/7\/1041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v16071041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16071041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]}}}