{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:08:49Z","timestamp":1792066129942,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI172727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI172727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI172410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI172410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T13:12:57Z","timestamp":1721394777000},"page":"1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tessa C.","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4036-4062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishad S.","family":"Maggirwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4857-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Marsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"HIV\/AIDS, J.U.N.P. (2023). UNAIDS Global AIDS\/HIV Statistics Fact Sheet, UNAIDS. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS 2023."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services (2024). Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5341.1295","article-title":"Identification of a Reservoir for HIV-1 in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"278","author":"Finzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/8394","article-title":"Latent Infection of CD4+ T Cells Provides a Mechanism for Lifelong Persistence of HIV-1, Even in Patients on Effective Combination Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Finzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5341.1291","article-title":"Recovery of Replication-Competent HIV despite Prolonged Suppression of Plasma Viremia","volume":"278","author":"Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.24.13193","article-title":"Presence of an Inducible HIV-1 Latent Reservoir during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"94","author":"Chun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"91","article-title":"Experimental Approaches for Eliminating Latent HIV","volume":"6","author":"Marsden","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Immunopathol. Dis. Therap."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/44755","article-title":"Re-Emergence of HIV after Stopping Therapy","volume":"401","author":"Chun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.15109","article-title":"HIV-1 and T Cell Dynamics after Interruption of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Patients with a History of Sustained Viral Suppression","volume":"96","author":"Davey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171554","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI171554","article-title":"The Latent Reservoir of Inducible, Infectious HIV-1 Does Not Decrease despite Decades of Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"133","author":"McMyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00536-8","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Drug Resistance after Failure of WHO Recommended First-Line Regimens for Adult HIV-1 Infection: A Multicentre Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"16","author":"Gregson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12065","article-title":"Immune Activation and HIV Persistence: Implications for Curative Approaches to HIV Infection","volume":"254","author":"Klatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101471","article-title":"Residual Immune Dysfunction under Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"51","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130254","article-title":"Pathogenic Mechanisms of HIV Disease","volume":"6","author":"Moir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2020-0381","article-title":"Can Macrophages Form a Latent Reservoir of HIV?","volume":"16","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4319","article-title":"HIV Persistence in Tissue Macrophages of Humanized Myeloid-Only Mice during Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Honeycutt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01349-3","article-title":"Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Contain Persistent Latent HIV Reservoirs","volume":"8","author":"Veenhuis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9981","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917034117","article-title":"A Minor Population of Macrophage-Tropic HIV-1 Variants Is Identified in Recrudescing Viremia Following Analytic Treatment Interruption","volume":"117","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90802-L","article-title":"HIV-1 Entry into Quiescent Primary Lymphocytes: Molecular Analysis Reveals a Labile, Latent Viral Structure","volume":"61","author":"Zack","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.020","article-title":"Replication-Competent Noninduced Proviruses in the Latent Reservoir Increase Barrier to HIV-1 Cure","volume":"155","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.5.1925","article-title":"The HIV Coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 Are Differentially Expressed and Regulated on Human T Lymphocytes","volume":"94","author":"Bleul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2964","article-title":"SAMHD1 Restricts HIV-1 Infection in Resting CD4+ T Cells","volume":"18","author":"Baldauf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16934","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002894107","article-title":"Establishment of HIV-1 Latency in Resting CD4+ T Cells Depends on Chemokine-Induced Changes in the Actin Cytoskeleton","volume":"107","author":"Cameron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.09.014","article-title":"Transcriptional Reprogramming during Effector-to-Memory Transition Renders CD4+ T Cells Permissive for Latent HIV-1 Infection","volume":"47","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-024-00639-w","article-title":"The Cell Biology of HIV-1 Latency and Rebound","volume":"21","author":"Mbonye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duggan, N.N., Dragic, T., Chanda, S.K., and Pache, L. (2023). Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122435"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.044","article-title":"An Integrated Overview of HIV-1 Latency","volume":"155","author":"Ruelas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/326711a0","article-title":"An Inducible Transcription Factor Activates Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in T Cells","volume":"326","author":"Nabel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01594-12","article-title":"An AP-1 Binding Site in the Enhancer\/Core Element of the HIV-1 Promoter Controls the Ability of HIV-1 to Establish Latent Infection","volume":"87","author":"Duverger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5299.523","article-title":"Regulation of NF-kappaB by Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Associated with the P300 Coactivator","volume":"275","author":"Perkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.12.2031","article-title":"Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT)-Dependent Transactivation Regulated by the Coactivators P300\/CREB-Binding Protein (CBP)","volume":"187","author":"Rao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06029.x","article-title":"A Cooperative Interaction between NF-Kappa B and Sp1 Is Required for HIV-1 Enhancer Activation","volume":"12","author":"Perkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku136","article-title":"Integrase Residues That Determine Nucleotide Preferences at Sites of HIV-1 Integration: Implications for the Mechanism of Target DNA Binding","volume":"42","author":"Serrao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00864-4","article-title":"HIV-1 Integration in the Human Genome Favors Active Genes and Local Hotspots","volume":"110","author":"Shinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.12.6122-6133.2004","article-title":"Resting CD4 + T Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Individuals Carry Integrated HIV-1 Genomes within Actively Transcribed Host Genes","volume":"78","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7765","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00542-06","article-title":"Integration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Untreated Infection Occurs Preferentially within Genes","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woldemeskel, B.A., Kwaa, A.K., and Blankson, J.N. (2020). Viral Reservoirs in Elite Controllers of HIV-1 Infection: Implications for HIV Cure Strategies. eBioMedicine, 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103118"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.016","article-title":"Transcriptional Interference Antagonizes Proviral Gene Expression to Promote HIV Latency","volume":"4","author":"Lenasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.06.008","article-title":"Orientation-Dependent Regulation of Integrated HIV-1 Expression by Host Gene Transcriptional Readthrough","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-019-0494-x","article-title":"Heterogeneity in HIV and Cellular Transcription Profiles in Cell Line Models of Latent and Productive Infection: Implications for HIV Latency","volume":"16","author":"Telwatte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01519-09","article-title":"Establishment of HIV Latency in Primary CD4+ Cells Is Due to Epigenetic Transcriptional Silencing and P-TEFb Restriction","volume":"84","author":"Tyagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.9.2965-2973.2002","article-title":"Counterregulation of Chromatin Deacetylation and Histone Deacetylase Occupancy at the Integrated Promoter of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) by the HIV-1 Repressor YY1 and HIV-1 Activator Tat","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.11.009","article-title":"A Histone Deacetylase Network Regulates Epigenetic Reprogramming and Viral Silencing in HIV-Infected Cells","volume":"30","author":"Peterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafati, H., Parra, M., Hakre, S., Moshkin, Y., Verdin, E., and Mahmoudi, T. (2011). Repressive LTR Nucleosome Positioning by the BAF Complex Is Required for HIV Latency. PLoS Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001206"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10914","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01208-07","article-title":"C-Myc and Sp1 Contribute to Proviral Latency by Recruiting Histone Deacetylase 1 to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Promoter","volume":"81","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3941","article-title":"Histone Exchange, Chromatin Structure and the Regulation of Transcription","volume":"16","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1634","article-title":"Specific Interaction of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Tat Proteins with a Cellular Protein Kinase","volume":"197","author":"Herrmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/334165a0","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat Trans-Activation Requires the Loop Sequence within Tar","volume":"334","author":"Feng","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.7.3703-3711.1993","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of the Cofactor Requirement for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Function","volume":"67","author":"Madore","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.23.3008","article-title":"Poly(A) Site Selection in the HIV-1 Provirus: Inhibition of Promoter-Proximal Polyadenylation by the Downstream Major Splice Donor Site","volume":"9","author":"Ashe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.12.017","article-title":"Assays for Precise Quantification of Total (Including Short) and Elongated HIV-1 Transcripts","volume":"242","author":"Kaiser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap9927","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap9927","article-title":"HIV Latency in Isolated Patient CD4+ T Cells May Be Due to Blocks in HIV Transcriptional Elongation, Completion, and Splicing","volume":"10","author":"Yukl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.9.4045","article-title":"The Role of Tat in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Life Cycle Indicates a Primary Effect on Transcriptional Elongation","volume":"88","author":"Feinberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90290-0","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat Protein Increases Transcriptional Initiation and Stabilizes Elongation","volume":"59","author":"Laspia","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.7.4488-4496.1992","article-title":"Premature Termination and Processing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Promoted Transcripts","volume":"66","author":"Kessler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/387183a0","article-title":"Quantification of Latent Tissue Reservoirs and Total Body Viral Load in HIV-1 Infection","volume":"387","author":"Chun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000293","article-title":"Tissue Reservoirs of HIV","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.012","article-title":"HIV Establishes an Early Foothold","volume":"31","author":"Moran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.030","article-title":"HIV Rapidly Targets a Diverse Pool of CD4+ T Cells to Establish Productive and Latent Infections","volume":"56","author":"Gantner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"E2575","article-title":"Expanded Cellular Clones Carrying Replication-Competent HIV-1 Persist, Wax, and Wane","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1972","article-title":"HIV Reservoir Size and Persistence Are Driven by T Cell Survival and Homeostatic Proliferation","volume":"15","author":"Chomont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145254","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI145254","article-title":"Antigen-Driven Clonal Selection Shapes the Persistence of HIV-1\u2013Infected CD4+ T Cells In Vivo","volume":"131","author":"Simonetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254194","article-title":"Specific HIV Integration Sites Are Linked to Clonal Expansion and Persistence of Infected Cells","volume":"345","author":"Maldarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02638-15","article-title":"Replication of Human Herpesviruses Is Associated with Higher HIV DNA Levels during Antiretroviral Therapy Started at Early Phases of HIV Infection","volume":"90","author":"Gianella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00927-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00927-20","article-title":"Subclinical Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Shedding Is Associated with Increasing HIV DNA Molecular Diversity in Peripheral Blood during Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"94","author":"Chaillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126714","article-title":"HIV-1 in Lymph Nodes Is Maintained by Cellular Proliferation during Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"129","author":"McManus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, Y.-H.J., Yang, K., Razmi, A., and Ho, Y.-C. (2021). The Clonal Expansion Dynamics of the HIV-1 Reservoir: Mechanisms of Integration Site-Dependent Proliferation and HIV-1 Persistence. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091858"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"313","article-title":"Rates and Dates of Divergence between AIDS Virus Nucleotide Sequences","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/354453a0","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Genetic Variation That Can Escape Cytotoxic T Cell Recognition","volume":"354","author":"Phillips","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/34929","article-title":"HIV-1 Nef Protein Protects Infected Primary Cells against Killing by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes","volume":"391","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14053","article-title":"Broad CTL Response Is Required to Clear Latent HIV-1 Due to Dominance of Escape Mutations","volume":"517","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12625","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12625-12637.2004","article-title":"Evolutionary Dynamics of the Glycan Shield of theHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope during Natural Infection andImplications for Exposure of the 2G12Epitope","volume":"78","author":"Dacheux","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, P.L., Ranchobe, N., Lambson, B.E., Gray, E.S., Cave, E., Abrahams, M.-R., Bandawe, G., Mlisana, K., Abdool Karim, S.S., and Williamson, C. (2009). Limited Neutralizing Antibody Specificities Drive Neutralization Escape in Early HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000598"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917876117","article-title":"Defective HIV-1 Proviruses Produce Viral Proteins","volume":"117","author":"Imamichi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.03.008","article-title":"Defective HIV-1 Proviruses Are Expressed and Can Be Recognized by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, Which Shape the Proviral Landscape","volume":"21","author":"Pollack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003667","article-title":"Long-Term Persistence of Transcriptionally Active \u2018Defective\u2019 HIV-1 Proviruses: Implications for Persistent Immune Activation during Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39837-z","article-title":"Impact of Misclassified Defective Proviruses on HIV Reservoir Measurements","volume":"14","author":"Reeves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10245","article-title":"Long-term Survival and Virus Production in Human Primary Macrophages Infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"68","author":"Aquaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440070106","article-title":"Bone Marrow Derived Elements and Resident Microglia in Brain Inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Lassmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14013","article-title":"Nerve Growth Factor Is an Autocrine Factor Essential for the Survival of Macrophages Infected with HIV","volume":"96","author":"Garaci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-018-9809-2","article-title":"Macrophages but Not Astrocytes Harbor HIV DNA in the Brains of HIV-1-Infected Aviremic Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/135502801753248114","article-title":"CNS Invasion by CD14+\/CD16+ Peripheral Blood-Derived Monocytes in HIV Dementia: Perivascular Accumulation and Reservoir of HIV Infection","volume":"7","author":"Croul","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167417","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI167417","article-title":"Brain Microglia Serve as a Persistent HIV Reservoir despite Durable Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"133","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebastian, N.T., Zaikos, T.D., Terry, V., Taschuk, F., McNamara, L.A., Onafuwa-Nuga, A., Yucha, R., Signer, R.A.J., Riddell Iv, J., and Bixby, D. (2017). CD4 Is Expressed on a Heterogeneous Subset of Hematopoietic Progenitors, Which Persistently Harbor CXCR4 and CCR5-Tropic HIV Proviral Genomes in Vivo. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006509"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000283","article-title":"Strategies to Target Non-T-Cell HIV Reservoirs","volume":"11","author":"Sacha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1086\/527324","article-title":"Persistence of HIV in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue despite Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"197","author":"Chun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318249111","article-title":"Persistent HIV-1 Replication Is Associated with Lower Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Lymphatic Tissues","volume":"111","author":"Fletcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001282","article-title":"Immune Tolerance Properties of the Testicular Tissue as a Viral Sanctuary Site in ART-Treated HIV-Infected Adults","volume":"30","author":"Jenabian","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"255","article-title":"Nonhuman Primate Models in AIDS Research","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0005-7","article-title":"Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Viral Infections","volume":"18","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4411","article-title":"Defining Total-Body AIDS-Virus Burden with Implications for Curative Strategies","volume":"23","author":"Estes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9247","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00840-09","article-title":"A Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaque Model To Study Viral Reservoirs That Persist during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"83","author":"Dinoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6353","article-title":"Vaccine Protection against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"86","author":"Desrosiers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20583","article-title":"Ad26\/MVA Therapeutic Vaccination with TLR7 Stimulation in SIV-Infected Rhesus Monkeys","volume":"540","author":"Borducchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1967","article-title":"Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer Engenders Long-Lived Neutralizing Activity and Protection against SIV Infection in Monkeys","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0600-6","article-title":"Antibody and TLR7 Agonist Delay Viral Rebound in SHIV-Infected Monkeys","volume":"563","author":"Borducchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1951-3","article-title":"Systemic HIV and SIV Latency Reversal via Non-Canonical NF-\u03baB Signalling in Vivo","volume":"578","author":"Nixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27647-0","article-title":"Latency Reversal plus Natural Killer Cells Diminish HIV Reservoir in Vivo","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100037","article-title":"Pharmacological Activation of Non-Canonical NF-\u03baB Signaling Activates Latent HIV-1 Reservoirs In Vivo","volume":"1","author":"Pache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100162","article-title":"Tracking HIV Rebound Following Latency Reversal Using Barcoded HIV","volume":"1","author":"Marsden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsden, M.D., Loy, B.A., Wu, X., Ramirez, C.M., Schrier, A.J., Murray, D., Shimizu, A., Ryckbosch, S.M., Near, K.E., and Chun, T.-W. (2017). In Vivo Activation of Latent HIV with a Synthetic Bryostatin Analog Effects Both Latent Cell \u201cKick\u201d and \u201cKill\u201d in Strategy for Virus Eradication. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006575"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06366-11","article-title":"HIV Latency in the Humanized BLT Mouse","volume":"86","author":"Marsden","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00236-X","article-title":"Molecular Characterization, Reactivation, and Depletion of Latent HIV","volume":"19","author":"Brooks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05590-11","article-title":"Latent HIV-1 Infection of Resting CD4+ T Cells in the Humanized Rag2\u2212\/\u2212 \u03b3c\u2212\/\u2212 Mouse","volume":"86","author":"Choudhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.01.017","article-title":"Studies of Retroviral Infection in Humanized Mice","volume":"479\u2013480","author":"Marsden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-101416-041703","article-title":"Humanized Mouse Models for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"4","author":"Marsden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00516-2","article-title":"Benefits and Limitations of Humanized Mice in HIV Persistence Studies","volume":"17","author":"Marsden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300010168","article-title":"\u2018Nude\u2019, a New Hairless Gene with Pleiotropic Effects in the Mouse","volume":"8","author":"Flanagan","year":"1966","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/301527a0","article-title":"A Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mutation in the Mouse","volume":"301","author":"Bosma","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03753.x","article-title":"Non-Obese Diabetic\u2013Recombination Activating Gene-1 (NOD\u2013 Rag 1 Null) Interleukin (IL)-2 Receptor Common Gamma Chain (IL 2 R\u03b3Null) Null Mice: A Radioresistant Model for Human Lymphohaematopoietic Engraftment","volume":"154","author":"Pearson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6477","article-title":"Human Lymphoid and Myeloid Cell Development in NOD\/LtSz-Scid IL2R\u03b3Null Mice Engrafted with Mobilized Human Hemopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"174","author":"Shultz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90030-G","article-title":"RAG-1-Deficient Mice Have No Mature B and T Lymphocytes","volume":"68","author":"Mombaerts","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90029-C","article-title":"RAG-2-Deficient Mice Lack Mature Lymphocytes Owing to Inability to Initiate V(D)J Rearrangement","volume":"68","author":"Shinkai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90047-0","article-title":"Defective Lymphoid Development in Mice Lacking Expression of the Common Cytokine Receptor \u03b3 Chain","volume":"2","author":"Cao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.2.377","article-title":"Lymphoid Development in Mice with a Targeted Deletion of the Interleukin 2 Receptor Gamma Chain","volume":"92","author":"DiSanto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4887","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-11-3392","article-title":"IL-15 Is an Essential Mediator of Peripheral NK-Cell Homeostasis","volume":"101","author":"Ranson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/335256a0","article-title":"Transfer of a Functional Human Immune System to Mice with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency","volume":"335","author":"Mosier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03933.x","article-title":"Human Peripheral Blood Leucocyte Non-Obese Diabetic-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Interleukin-2 Receptor Gamma Chain Gene Mouse Model of Xenogeneic Graft- versus -Host-like Disease and the Role of Host Major Histocompatibility Complex","volume":"157","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9223-x","article-title":"Reconstitution of huPBL-NSG Mice with Donor-Matched Dendritic Cells Enables Antigen-Specific T-Cell Activation","volume":"6","author":"Harui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.T., Bresson-Tan, G., and Zack, J.A. (2023). Current Advances in Humanized Mouse Models for Studying NK Cells and HIV Infection. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081984"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2971269","article-title":"The SCID-Hu Mouse: Murine Model for the Analysis of Human Hematolymphoid Differentiation and Function","volume":"241","author":"McCune","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093933","article-title":"Development of a Human Adaptive Immune System in Cord Blood Cell-Transplanted Mice","volume":"304","author":"Traggiai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84456","article-title":"Macrophages Sustain HIV Replication in Vivo Independently of T Cells","volume":"126","author":"Honeycutt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1431","article-title":"Humanized Mice Mount Specific Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to EBV and TSST-1","volume":"12","author":"Melkus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-121319","article-title":"Antigen-Specific Human T-Cell Responses and T Cell-Dependent Production of Human Antibodies in a Humanized Mouse Model","volume":"111","author":"Tonomura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4388","article-title":"Reconstitution of a Functional Human Immune System in Immunodeficient Mice through Combined Human Fetal Thymus\/Liver and CD34+ Cell Transplantation","volume":"108","author":"Lan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeynaike, S.A., Huynh, T.R., Mehmood, A., Kim, T., Frank, K., Gao, K., Zalfa, C., Gandarilla, A., Shultz, L., and Paust, S. (2023). Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engrafted IL-15 Transgenic NSG Mice Support Robust NK Cell Responses and Sustained HIV-1 Infection. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020365"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22476","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200045R","article-title":"Enhanced Development of Functional Human NK Cells in NOD-scid-IL2rgnull Mice Expressing Human IL15","volume":"36","author":"Aryee","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"E9626","article-title":"Humanized Mouse Model Supports Development, Function, and Tissue Residency of Human Natural Killer Cells","volume":"114","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danner, R., Chaudhari, S.N., Rosenberger, J., Surls, J., Richie, T.L., Brumeanu, T.-D., and Casares, S. (2011). Expression of HLA Class II Molecules in Humanized NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RgcKO Mice Is Critical for Development and Function of Human T and B Cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019826"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28093","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28093","article-title":"Differential Effect of HLA Class-I versus Class-II Transgenes on Human T and B Cell Reconstitution and Function in NRG Mice","volume":"6","author":"Majji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2264-y","article-title":"Humanized DRAGA Mice Immunized with Plasmodium Falciparum Sporozoites and Chloroquine Elicit Protective Pre-Erythrocytic Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Majji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01741-5","article-title":"Bispecific Antibodies Promote Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Elimination of HIV-1 Reservoir Cells","volume":"25","author":"Board","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ollerton, M.T., Folkvord, J.M., Peachman, K.K., Shashikumar, S., Morrison, E.B., Jagodzinski, L.L., Peel, S.A., Khreiss, M., D\u2019Aquila, R.T., and Casares, S. (2022). HIV-1 Infected Humanized DRAGA Mice Develop HIV-Specific Antibodies despite Lack of Canonical Germinal Centers in Secondary Lymphoid Tissues. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1047277"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919408117","article-title":"Prodrugs of PKC Modulators Show Enhanced HIV Latency Reversal and an Expanded Therapeutic Window","volume":"117","author":"Sloane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07814-4","article-title":"Combinations of Isoform-Targeted Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Bryostatin Analogues Display Remarkable Potency to Activate Latent HIV without Global T-Cell Activation","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.08.009","article-title":"BIRC2\/cIAP1 Is a Negative Regulator of HIV-1 Transcription and Can Be Targeted by Smac Mimetics to Promote Reversal of Viral Latency","volume":"18","author":"Pache","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0312165","article-title":"BET Bromodomain Inhibition as a Novel Strategy for Reactivation of HIV-1","volume":"92","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11286","article-title":"Administration of Vorinostat Disrupts HIV-1 Latency in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"487","author":"Archin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92901","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92901","article-title":"HDAC Inhibition Induces HIV-1 Protein and Enables Immune-Based Clearance Following Latency Reversal","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2018-0205","article-title":"HIV Cure Strategies: A Complex Approach for a Complicated Viral Reservoir?","volume":"14","author":"Marsden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.10.3006","article-title":"Prostratin: Activation of Latent HIV-1 Expression Suggests a Potential Inductive Adjuvant Therapy for HAART","volume":"98","author":"Kulkosky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001064","article-title":"Bryostatin-1 for Latent Virus Reactivation in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Barbas","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2174\/157016210793499312","article-title":"Bryostatin-1 Synergizes with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors to Reactivate HIV-1 from Latency","volume":"8","author":"Perez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan7969","article-title":"Scalable Synthesis of Bryostatin 1 and Analogs, Adjuvant Leads against Latent HIV","volume":"358","author":"Wender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15742-7","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of Designed PKC Modulators for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Hardman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.05.006","article-title":"Characterization of Designed, Synthetically Accessible Bryostatin Analog HIV Latency Reversing Agents","volume":"520","author":"Marsden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302634110","article-title":"Highly Potent, Synthetically Accessible Prostratin Analogs Induce Latent HIV Expression in Vitro and Ex Vivo","volume":"110","author":"Beans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1395","article-title":"Designed, Synthetically Accessible Bryostatin Analogues Potently Induce Activation of Latent HIV Reservoirs In Vitro","volume":"4","author":"DeChristopher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.177","article-title":"Non-Canonical NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.09.007","article-title":"SMAC Mimetics Induce Autophagy-Dependent Apoptosis of HIV-1-Infected Resting Memory CD4+ T Cells","volume":"24","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705053104","article-title":"Conserved P-TEFb-Interacting Domain of BRD4 Inhibits HIV Transcription","volume":"104","author":"Bisgrove","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, D.G., Chiang, V., Fyne, E., Balakrishnan, M., Barnes, T., Graupe, M., Hesselgesser, J., Irrinki, A., Murry, J.P., and Stepan, G. (2014). Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Romidepsin Induces HIV Expression in CD4 T Cells from Patients on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy at Concentrations Achieved by Clinical Dosing. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004071"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa777","article-title":"A Phase 1\/2 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Romidespin in Persons With HIV-1 on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"224","author":"McMahon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8gaard, O.S., Graversen, M.E., Leth, S., Olesen, R., Brinkmann, C.R., Nissen, S.K., Kjaer, A.S., Schleimann, M.H., Denton, P.W., and Hey-Cunningham, W.J. (2015). The Depsipeptide Romidepsin Reverses HIV-1 Latency In Vivo. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005142"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(14)70014-1","article-title":"Panobinostat, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, for Latent-Virus Reactivation in HIV-Infected Patients on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy: A Phase 1\/2, Single Group, Clinical Trial","volume":"1","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, M., Souli\u00e9, C., Lavol\u00e9, A., Assoumou, L., Abbar, B., Fouquet, B., Rousseau, A., Veyri, M., Samri, A., and Makinson, A. (2022). Impact of Anti PD-1 Immunotherapy on HIV Reservoir and Anti-Viral Immune Responses in People Living with HIV and Cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11061015"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101412","article-title":"Immunological Approaches to HIV Cure","volume":"51","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80065-5","article-title":"The Selective Downregulation of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins by HIV-1 Protects HIV-Infected Cells from NK Cells","volume":"10","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052433","article-title":"Signaling by Antibodies: Recent Progress","volume":"35","author":"Bournazos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181454","article-title":"NK Cells Switch from Granzyme B to Death Receptor\u2013Mediated Cytotoxicity during Serial Killing","volume":"216","author":"Prager","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fl\u00f3rez-\u00c1lvarez, L., Hernandez, J.C., and Zapata, W. (2018). NK Cells in HIV-1 Infection: From Basic Science to Vaccine Strategies. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02290"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002543","article-title":"Enhancing Natural Killer Cell Function with Gp41-Targeting Bispecific Antibodies to Combat HIV Infection","volume":"34","author":"Ramadoss","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, S., and Liu, S. (2022). Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.842746"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1611","article-title":"Expression of Chimeric Receptor CD4\u03b6 by Natural Killer Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Improves In Vitro Activity but Does Not Enhance Suppression of HIV Infection In Vivo","volume":"32","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2011.0096","article-title":"PD-1 Expression on Natural Killer Cells and CD8+ T Cells During Chronic HIV-1 Infection","volume":"25","author":"Norris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6887","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00660-15","article-title":"Accumulation of Cytotoxic CD16+ NK Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Lymph Nodes Associated with In Situ Differentiation and Functional Anergy","volume":"89","author":"Schafer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25418","article-title":"An Introduction to Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell Immunotherapy for Human Cancer","volume":"94","author":"Feins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, A., Carrillo, M.A., Mu, W., Rezek, V., Martin, H., Hamid, P., Chen, I.S.Y., Yang, O.O., Zack, J.A., and Kitchen, S.G. (2021). Robust CAR-T Memory Formation and Function via Hematopoietic Stem Cell Delivery. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009895"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08798-7","article-title":"PD-1 Blockade Potentiates HIV Latency Reversal Ex Vivo in CD4+ T Cells from ART-Suppressed Individuals","volume":"10","author":"Fromentin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-010637","article-title":"CTLA-4 Blockade Decreases TGF-Beta, IDO, and Viral RNA Expression in Tissues of SIVmac251-Infected Macaques","volume":"108","author":"Hryniewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001429","article-title":"Transient HIV-Specific T Cells Increase and Inflammation in an HIV-Infected Patient Treated with Nivolumab","volume":"31","author":"Samri","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000562","article-title":"Effect of Ipilimumab on the HIV Reservoir in an HIV-Infected Individual with Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"29","author":"Wightman","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002919","article-title":"The Impact of Immune Checkpoint Therapy on the Latent Reservoir in HIV-Infected Individuals with Cancer on Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18929","article-title":"HIV-1 Antibody 3BNC117 Suppresses Viral Rebound in Humans during Treatment Interruption","volume":"535","author":"Scheid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608243","article-title":"Effect of HIV Antibody VRC01 on Viral Rebound after Treatment Interruption","volume":"375","author":"Bar","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0531-2","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Maintains Viral Suppression","volume":"561","author":"Mendoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04797-9","article-title":"Combination Anti-HIV Antibodies Provide Sustained Virological Suppression","volume":"606","author":"Sneller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01815-1","article-title":"Safety and Antiviral Activity of Triple Combination Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Therapy against HIV-1: A Phase 1 Clinical Trial","volume":"28","author":"Julg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0540","article-title":"Involvement of BAFF and APRIL in the Resistance to Apoptosis of B-CLL through an Autocrine Pathway","volume":"103","author":"Kern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403398","article-title":"A Sustained Activation of PI3K\/NF-\u03baB Pathway Is Critical for the Survival of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells","volume":"18","author":"Vargas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101178","article-title":"Venetoclax, Alone and in Combination with the BH3 Mimetic S63845, Depletes HIV-1 Latently Infected Cells and Delays Rebound in Humanized Mice","volume":"4","author":"Arandjelovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513257","article-title":"Targeting BCL2 with Venetoclax in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"374","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.004","article-title":"Anti-Apoptotic Protein BIRC5 Maintains Survival of HIV-1-Infected CD4+ T Cells","volume":"48","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02067","article-title":"Development and Maintenance of B and T Lymphocytes Requires Antiapoptotic MCL-1","volume":"426","author":"Opferman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159136","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.159136","article-title":"Autophagy Inducer Rapamycin Treatment Reduces IFN-I\u2013Mediated Inflammation and Improves Anti\u2013HIV-1 T Cell Response In Vivo","volume":"7","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.06.007","article-title":"CCR5\u039432 Mutation and HIV Infection: Basis for Curative HIV Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Allers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-309591","article-title":"Evidence for the Cure of HIV Infection by CCR5\u039432\/\u039432 Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"117","author":"Allers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02213-x","article-title":"In-Depth Virological and Immunological Characterization of HIV-1 Cure after CCR5\u039432\/\u039432 Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30069-2","article-title":"Evidence for HIV-1 Cure after CCR5\u039432\/\u039432 Allogeneic Haemopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation 30 Months Post Analytical Treatment Interruption: A Case Report","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802905","article-title":"Long-Term Control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32\/Delta32 Stem-Cell Transplantation","volume":"360","author":"Nowak","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1412279","article-title":"More on Shift of HIV Tropism in Stem-Cell Transplantation with CCR5 Delta32\/Delta32 Mutation","volume":"371","author":"Abbate","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1817426","article-title":"CRISPR-Edited Stem Cells in a Patient with HIV and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"381","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vansant, G., Bruggemans, A., Janssens, J., and Debyser, Z. (2020). Block-And-Lock Strategies to Cure HIV Infection. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010084"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.05.016","article-title":"An Analog of the Natural Steroidal Alkaloid Cortistatin A Potently Suppresses Tat-Dependent HIV Transcription","volume":"12","author":"Mousseau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-019-0267-8","article-title":"Tat Inhibition by Didehydro-Cortistatin A Promotes Heterochromatin Formation at the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.080","article-title":"In Vivo Suppression of HIV Rebound by Didehydro-Cortistatin A, a \u201cBlock-and-Lock\u201d Strategy for HIV-1 Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Kessing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00465-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00465-15","article-title":"The Tat Inhibitor Didehydro-Cortistatin A Prevents HIV-1 Reactivation from Latency","volume":"6","author":"Mousseau","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0702358","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Induces Activation of Multiple STATs in CD4+ Cells of Lymphocyte or Monocyte\/Macrophage Lineages","volume":"73","author":"Kohler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283013d42","article-title":"Amplification of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription I Signaling Pathway and Its Association with Apoptosis in Monocytes from HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"22","author":"Alhetheel","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02496-13","article-title":"Ruxolitinib and Tofacitinib Are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication and Virus Reactivation In Vitro","volume":"58","author":"Gavegnano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI120633","article-title":"Structure-Guided Drug Design Identifies a BRD4-Selective Small Molecule That Suppresses HIV","volume":"129","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141453","article-title":"HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase","volume":"316","author":"Sarkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02510","article-title":"Harnessing the CRISPR\/Cas9 System to Disrupt Latent HIV-1 Provirus","volume":"3","author":"Ebina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11461","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405186111","article-title":"RNA-Directed Gene Editing Specifically Eradicates Latent and Prevents New HIV-1 Infection","volume":"111","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6413","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7413","article-title":"Use of the CRISPR\/Cas9 System as an Intracellular Defense against HIV-1 Infection in Human Cells","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.057","article-title":"A Combinatorial CRISPR-Cas9 Attack on HIV-1 DNA Extinguishes All Infectious Provirus in Infected T Cell Cultures","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16277","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16277","article-title":"CRISPR\/gRNA-Directed Synergistic Activation Mediator (SAM) Induces Specific, Persistent and Robust Reactivation of the HIV-1 Latent Reservoirs","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.202","article-title":"Potent and Targeted Activation of Latent HIV-1 Using the CRISPR\/dCas9 Activator Complex","volume":"24","author":"Saayman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-023-00413-1","article-title":"Targeted Shock-and-Kill HIV-1 Gene Therapy Approach Combining CRISPR Activation, Suicide Gene tBid and Retargeted Adenovirus Delivery","volume":"31","author":"Klinnert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000139","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV-1 Infection of Primary CD4+ T-Cells by Gene Editing of CCR5 Using Adenovirus-Delivered CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9591","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407473111","article-title":"Seamless Modification of Wild-Type Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to the Natural CCR5\u039432 Mutation Confers Resistance to HIV Infection","volume":"111","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/7\/1163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:49Z","timestamp":1760109589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/7\/1163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v16071163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16071163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}