{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:15:40Z","timestamp":1760145340699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]},{"name":"NIAID-funded ERASE HIV consortium","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Team","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]},{"name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]},{"name":"CIHR and FRQS doctoral fellowships","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]},{"name":"CIHR doctoral fellowship","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]},{"name":"CIHR master fellowships","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]},{"name":"MITACs post-doctoral fellowship","award":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148379","R01 AI129769","R01 AI150322","UM1 AI-164562","#422148","#41027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural Killer (NK) cells have the potential to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). NK cell activation is tightly regulated by the engagement of its inhibitory and activating receptors. The activating receptor CD16 drives ADCC upon binding to the Fc portion of antibodies; NK cell activation is further sustained by the co-engagement of activating receptors NTB-A and 2B4. During HIV-1 infection, Nef and Vpu accessory proteins contribute to ADCC escape by downregulating the ligands of NTB-A and 2B4. HIV-1 also evades ADCC by keeping its envelope glycoproteins (Env) in a \u201cclosed\u201d conformation which effectively masks epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) which are abundant in the plasma of people living with HIV. To achieve this, the virus uses its accessory proteins Nef and Vpu to downregulate the CD4 receptor, which otherwise interacts with Env and exposes the epitopes recognized by nnAbs. Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) have the capacity to expose these epitopes, thus sensitizing infected cells to ADCC. Given the central role of NK cell co-activating receptors NTB-A and 2B4 in Fc-effector functions, we studied their contribution to CD4mc-mediated ADCC. Despite the fact that their ligands are partially downregulated by HIV-1, we found that both co-activating receptors significantly contribute to CD4mc sensitization of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T08:24:59Z","timestamp":1721636699000},"page":"1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["NTB-A and 2B4 Natural Killer Cell Receptors Modulate the Capacity of a Cocktail of Non-Neutralizing Antibodies and a Small CD4-Mimetic to Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells by Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lorie","family":"Marchitto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9153-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tauzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9966-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Benlarbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Beaudoin-Bussi\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Dionne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"B\u00e9langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debashree","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1805-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Medjahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ta-Jung","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3359-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Ching","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amos B. Smith","family":"III","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9015-9589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Finzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002011","article-title":"Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in HIV infection","volume":"32","author":"Forthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00649-1","article-title":"Engaging innate immunity in HIV-1 cure strategies","volume":"22","author":"Board","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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