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In this pilot study, we exposed two pigtail macaques (PTMs) chronically infected with SIVmac239, exhibiting from very low to no CD4 T cells across all compartments, to SARS-CoV-2. We monitored the disease progression, viral replication, and evolution, and compared these outcomes with SIV-na\u00efve PTMs infected with SARS-CoV-2. No overt signs of COVID-19 disease were observed in either animal, and the SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics and evolution in the SIVmac239 PTMs were indistinguishable from those in the SIV-na\u00efve PTMs in all sampled mucosal sites. However, the single-cell RNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage cells revealed an infiltration of functionally inert monocytes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Critically, neither of the SIV-infected PTMs mounted detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 T-cell responses nor anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding or neutralizing antibodies. Thus, HIV-induced immunodeficiency alone may not be sufficient to drive the emergence of novel viral variants but may remove the ability of infected individuals to mount adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T08:24:59Z","timestamp":1721636699000},"page":"1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Impact of SIV-Induced Immunodeficiency on SARS-CoV-2 Disease, Viral Dynamics, and Antiviral Immune Response in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-2905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Melton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3744-496X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori A.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Penney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Krzykwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, 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